Inteins are unique protein insertion sequences capable of self-excision, enabling the covalent ligation of flanking extein peptides via amide bond formation. This process proceeds spontaneously without requiring external enzymes, cofactors, or chemical reagents, granting inteins exceptional biocompatibility and traceless performance in protein engineering applications. Split inteins represent a specialized and versatile subclass whose splicing domains are encoded by two separate gene fragments rather than a single continuous open reading frame. These fragments, known as the N-terminal (IntN) and C-terminal (IntC) split inteins, associate through non-covalent interactions including hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces to assemble into an active three-dimensional structure, which then drives efficient extein ligation and enables protein trans-splicing. Protein trans-splicing mediated by split inteins has become a cornerstone for traceless protein ligation owing to its high specificity and irreversibility, fundamentally reshaping strategies for protein modification, assembly, and functional regulation. Compared with traditional chemical ligation methods, split intein systems require no complex chemical derivatization of peptide fragments and can operate efficiently at micromolar concentrations under physiological conditions, thus avoiding structural and functional damage caused by organic reagents. In contrast to enzymatic ligation tools such as sortase, split inteins eliminate the need for additional enzymes or cofactors, simplifying reaction systems, reducing costs, and minimizing non-specific side products. These distinctive advantages render split inteins highly promising for applications in chemical biology, synthetic biology, and biopharmaceutical development. In recent years, deepened mechanistic understanding has established structure-guided rational design as the primary approach to overcoming key limitations of split inteins, including intrinsic aggregation propensity, strict extein sequence dependence, and limited splicing efficiency. Bioinformatic tools have been used to identify aggregation-prone regions in the IntN fragment, and site-directed mutagenesis of hydrophobic residues, relocation of split sites, or removal of misfolding-prone sequences has substantially reduced in vitro aggregation and improved soluble expression and assembly activity. Rational engineering of catalytic residues and adjacent flexible loops has relaxed strict amino acid preferences at extein junctions, enhancing sequence tolerance and reducing the risk of functional impairment in target proteins. Consensus design based on multiple sequence alignments has yielded ultra-fast splicing variants such as Cfa DnaE and Cat-TerL, which exhibit significantly accelerated kinetics and improved tolerance to denaturing conditions. Meanwhile, advances in structural biology have further clarified the conformational dynamics and catalytic mechanisms of splicing, supporting the precise design of high-performance intein modules. On this basis, electrostatic interaction tuning and metagenomic screening have yielded multiple mutually orthogonal split intein pairs, enabling selective multi-fragment protein ligation and providing new routes for the efficient synthesis of large multi-domain functional proteins. With these engineered split inteins offering continuously improved performance and expanded applicability, protein trans-splicing has been widely applied in numerous cutting-edge areas of protein research and biomedicine. In gene delivery, split intein-based systems overcome the packaging limit of adeno-associated viral vectors, enabling the accurate reconstitution of large therapeutic proteins and base editors in target cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy and scope of gene therapy for genetic diseases. In internal protein sequence editing, split inteins mediate precise sequence replacement and modification in flexible regions or loops of target proteins, without the need for complex multi-step ligation and protein refolding involved in traditional protein semisynthesis. In protein-protein interaction studies, intein-mediated splicing covalently captures transient and weak intracellular complexes, enabling sensitive, high-throughput interaction detection and drug screening. In synthetic biology, conditionally controllable splicing systems support the construction of diverse intracellular and cell-surface biological logic gates for the precise regulation of cellular behavior. In mechanistic biochemical research, split inteins enable photocatalytic proximity labeling and site-specific tagging, allowing the preparation of homogeneous protein samples carrying precise post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination and polyglutamylation for chromatin interactome analysis and epigenetic studies. Moreover, covalent trapping strategies using split inteins stabilize transient enzymatic intermediates, providing unprecedented insights into molecular mechanisms such as nucleosome ubiquitination that are difficult to elucidate using conventional methods. This review systematically summarizes key technological advances in split inteins over the past decade, highlighting engineering strategies, mechanistic insights, and the development of orthogonal components. It comprehensively surveys emerging applications at the frontiers of protein research, analyzes current core challenges, and proposes future directions, particularly emphasizing artificial intelligence-driven de novo design and novel splicing pathways to break existing technical bottlenecks. By enabling traceless, efficient, and versatile protein manipulation, split inteins continue to serve as indispensable tools that drive innovation in protein engineering and fundamental life science research.

Objective To explore the efficacy of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) in distinguishing the properties of abnormal lymph nodes and its role in assessing the prognosis of patients with related diseases, and to provide more precise evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment regimen formulation. Methods The clinical data of 97 patients with malignant tumors diagnosed with abnormal lymph nodes at Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between April 2024 and June 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a malignant lymph node group (n=47) and a benign lymph node group (n=50) based on pathological results. PET/CT metabolic parameters [maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max), mean standardized uptake value (SUV_mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG)] were compared between the two groups of patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameters for abnormal lymph nodes. Progression-free survival was compared among patients in the malignant lymph node group stratified by different levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG. Results SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were significantly higher in the malignant lymph node group than in the benign lymph node group (P < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting malignant lymph nodes with SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were 0.761, 0.855, 0.860, and 0.792, with sensitivities of 74.47%, 82.98%, 74.47%, and 70.21%, and specificities of 76.00%, 76.00%, 90.00%, and 82.00%, respectively (P < 0.05). Comparison of progression-free survival in patients with malignant lymph nodes with different ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameter levels revealed that patients with lower levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG had significantly longer progression-free survival than those with higher levels (Log-rank χ²=4.297, P=0.038; Log-rank χ²=6.569, P=0.010; Log-rank χ²=5.970, P=0.015; and Log-rank χ²=7.422, P=0.006, respectively). Conclusion ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters (SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG) demonstrate high efficacy in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant abnormal lymph nodes and prognostic evaluation, providing significant guidance for clinical treatment decisions.

Objective To explore the efficacy of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) in distinguishing the properties of abnormal lymph nodes and its role in assessing the prognosis of patients with related diseases, and to provide more precise evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment regimen formulation. Methods The clinical data of 97 patients with malignant tumors diagnosed with abnormal lymph nodes at Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between April 2024 and June 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a malignant lymph node group (n=47) and a benign lymph node group (n=50) based on pathological results. PET/CT metabolic parameters [maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max), mean standardized uptake value (SUV_mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG)] were compared between the two groups of patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameters for abnormal lymph nodes. Progression-free survival was compared among patients in the malignant lymph node group stratified by different levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG. Results SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were significantly higher in the malignant lymph node group than in the benign lymph node group (P < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting malignant lymph nodes with SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were 0.761, 0.855, 0.860, and 0.792, with sensitivities of 74.47%, 82.98%, 74.47%, and 70.21%, and specificities of 76.00%, 76.00%, 90.00%, and 82.00%, respectively (P < 0.05). Comparison of progression-free survival in patients with malignant lymph nodes with different ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameter levels revealed that patients with lower levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG had significantly longer progression-free survival than those with higher levels (Log-rank χ²=4.297, P=0.038; Log-rank χ²=6.569, P=0.010; Log-rank χ²=5.970, P=0.015; and Log-rank χ²=7.422, P=0.006, respectively). Conclusion ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters (SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG) demonstrate high efficacy in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant abnormal lymph nodes and prognostic evaluation, providing significant guidance for clinical treatment decisions.

Objective To explore the efficacy of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) in distinguishing the properties of abnormal lymph nodes and its role in assessing the prognosis of patients with related diseases, and to provide more precise evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment regimen formulation. Methods The clinical data of 97 patients with malignant tumors diagnosed with abnormal lymph nodes at Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between April 2024 and June 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a malignant lymph node group (n=47) and a benign lymph node group (n=50) based on pathological results. PET/CT metabolic parameters [maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max), mean standardized uptake value (SUV_mean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG)] were compared between the two groups of patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameters for abnormal lymph nodes. Progression-free survival was compared among patients in the malignant lymph node group stratified by different levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG. Results SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were significantly higher in the malignant lymph node group than in the benign lymph node group (P < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting malignant lymph nodes with SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG were 0.761, 0.855, 0.860, and 0.792, with sensitivities of 74.47%, 82.98%, 74.47%, and 70.21%, and specificities of 76.00%, 76.00%, 90.00%, and 82.00%, respectively (P < 0.05). Comparison of progression-free survival in patients with malignant lymph nodes with different ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameter levels revealed that patients with lower levels of SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG had significantly longer progression-free survival than those with higher levels (Log-rank χ²=4.297, P=0.038; Log-rank χ²=6.569, P=0.010; Log-rank χ²=5.970, P=0.015; and Log-rank χ²=7.422, P=0.006, respectively). Conclusion ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters (SUV_max, SUV_mean, MTV, and TLG) demonstrate high efficacy in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant abnormal lymph nodes and prognostic evaluation, providing significant guidance for clinical treatment decisions.

Background: Our genomic understanding of lymphomas, a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, has grown exponentially. The latest World Health Organization (WHO) and International Consensus classifications reflect the importance of genetic assessment in the diagnosis and prognostication of and therapeutic decision making in lymphoid neoplasms. To address this clinical need for routinely available and timely testing, we aimed to validate the Ion AmpliSeq Liverpool Lymphoid Network Panel (IALLNP; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Methods: We clinically validated the IALLNP on the Ion Torrent Genexus Sequencer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The panel detects single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (indels) in 60 clinically relevant genes. The validation set included a commercial control and 54 DNA samples covering the spectrum of clinically aggressive and indolent lymphomas. Results: After optimizing for poor coverage regions, recurrent artifacts, and false-negative calls, the panel showed good performance in terms of depth of coverage, on-target reads, and uniformity. Its sensitivity for SNVs and indels at a lower limit of detection of 5% variant allele frequency (VAF) was 100%. Specificity in variant-negative samples was 100%, and the mean per-sample number of false-positive variants—which were easily identifiable and excluded upon interrogation of raw data—was 0.4. The panel demonstrated 92.8% reproducibility; however, all nonreproducible variants fell below the 5% VAF analytical threshold. Conclusions The IALLNP is an accurate and reproducible next-generation sequencing panel that delivers genetic results for lymphoid neoplasms in a clinically meaningful timeframe.

Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is closely associated with placental dysfunction. However, the effects of preconception co-exposure to β-cypermethrin (β-CYP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) on fetal growth and placental function remain unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to β-CYP and EMB on embryonic development in female rats and to elucidate the mechanisms by which these substances cause IUGR from the perspectives of placental structure, progesterone synthesis, and mitochondrial autophagy. Methods Forty-eight specific pathogen-free (SPF) adult female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to a control group, a β-CYP group, an EMB group, and a co-exposure group (n=12 per group). A whole-body dynamic inhalation exposure system was used to simulate greenhouse exposure. Rats in the control group were exposed to clean air, whereas those in the exposure groups were exposed to β-CYP (55 mg·m⁻³), EMB (7.8 mg·m⁻³), or their combination for 2 h per day for 90 consecutive days. After exposure, ovarian and serum estradiol (E₂) levels were determined in six rats from each group, while the remaining six rats were mated. Of the mated rats, three per group were sacrificed on gestational day 18, and the other remaining three were allowed to deliver naturally. Pregnancy outcomes and fetal development were evaluated. Placental morphology, progesterone (Prog) levels, progesterone synthesis-related factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and mitophagy-related indicators were subsequently assessed. Results Compared with the control group, fetal body weight on gestational day 18 and neonatal body weight were significantly decreased, whereas the incidence of IUGR was significantly increased in the β-CYP, EMB, and co-exposure groups (P<0.05). The EMB and co-exposure groups exhibited an increased proportion of the placental junctional zone thickness to total placental thickness and a reduced proportion of the labyrinth zone (P<0.05). Ovarian E₂ and placental Prog levels were decreased in all three exposure groups. In addition, the placental expression of cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member1(CYP11A1)、3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(HSD3B1)、progesterone receptor(PgR) was downregulated, catalase (CAT) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were reduced, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was increased in all exposure groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 2 was decreased, whereas the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) were increased in all exposure groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Prenatal exposure to β-CYP and EMB can cause structural damage to the rat placenta, affect the expression of markers related to progesterone synthesis, and is accompanied by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy, ultimately affecting the intrauterine growth and development of the fetus.

Cervical spinal cord injury without fracture-dislocation (CSCIWFD) is referred to as a special type of cervical spinal cord injury characterized by traumatic spinal cord dysfunction and no significant bony structural abnormalities on imagines. Duo to the high risk of missed diagnosis during the initial consultation, CSCIWFD may lead to progressive neurological deterioration or even complete paralysis, severely impacting patients′ prognosis. Currently, there are no established consensuses over the diagnosis and treatment of CSCIWFD, such as the lack of evidence-based standards for indications of non-surgical treatment and risk of secondary neurological injury, as well as debates over the optimal timing for surgical intervention and indications for different surgical approaches. To address these issues, the Spine Trauma Group of the Orthopedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the relevant fields to formulate Diagnosis and treatment guideline for acute cervical spinal cord injury without fracture- dislocation in adults ( version 2025) . Based on evidence-based medicine and the principles of scientific rigor and clinical applicability, the guidelines proposed 11 recommendations covering terminology, diagnosis, evaluation treatment, and rehabilitation, etc., aiming to standardize the management of CSCIWFD.

Objective:To investigate the effect of anterior and posterior selective fusion strategy on evolution of coronal pattern in patients with Lenke 5C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and whether upper end vertebra (UEV)-1 strategy in anterior surgery would have an effect on postoperative coronal balance.Methods:A total of 108 Lenke 5C AIS patients with at least 2 years follow-up who underwent anterior or posterior selective thoracolumbar fusion surgery from January 2005 to December 2020 were enrolled, with 51 patients in the anterior group and 57 patients in the posterior group. The patients were categorized into three groups (type A, C 7PL-CSVL<20 mm; type B, C 7PL-CSVL ≥20 mm with C 7PL toward the concave side of the main curve; and type C, C 7PL-CSVL≥20 mm with C 7PL toward the convex side of the main curve) to investigate the evolution of coronal balance of each preoperative coronal pattern at the anterior and posterior groups. Parameters such as thoracolumbar Cobb angle, rate of coronal imbalance, and SRS-22 score were recorded at preoperative, 1 week postoperatively, and final follow-up in both groups. Results:The differences of basic date between the two groups were not statistically significant except for the fusion level (5.2±0.7 vs. 5.6±0.9, t=2.497, P=0.014). In the anterior group, a total of 27 patients with preoperative type A, 23 patients with preoperative type A maintained type A at the 1 week postoperatively, and 2 of them were converted to type C at the final follow-up. Four patients with preoperative type A converted to type C at the 1 week postoperatively, and all of them returned to type A at the final follow-up. A total of 23 patients with preoperative type C, four patients with preoperative type C maintained type C at the 1 week postoperatively, and one of them maintained type C at the final follow-up. Nineteen patients with preoperative type C converted to type A at the 1 week postoperatively, and all of them maintained type A at the final follow-up. In the posterior group, a total of 26 patients with preoperative type A, 22 patients with preoperative type A maintained type A at the 1 week postoperatively, and only 2 of these patients converted to type C at the final follow-up. Four of the preoperative type A patients converted to type C at the 1 week postoperatively, and all of them returned to type A at the final follow-up. A total of 29 patients with preoperative type C, thirteen patients with preoperative type C maintained type C at the 1 week postoperatively, and 7 of them maintained type C at the last follow-up. Sixteen patients with preoperative type C converted to type A at the 1 week postoperatively, of whom two converted to type C at the final follow-up. For patients with preoperative type C the rate of coronal imbalance was significantly lower in the anterior group than in the posterior group both in the immediate postoperative period (17% vs. 45%, P<0.05) and at the final follow-up (4% vs. 31%, P=0.038). The rate of coronal imbalance at final follow-up was significantly lower in the UEV-1 group than in the UEV group in the posterior approach (3% vs. 38%, P<0.05), and there was no difference between the two groups in the anterior approach. There were no significant differences in radiographic parameters and SRS-22 scores between the two groups, except for the thoracic Cobb angle at the final follow-up, which was greater in the anterior group than in the posterior group at the final follow-up (19.5±7.3 vs.16.4±5.6, t=2.427, P=0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that anterior surgery and Risser were risk factors for postoperative CIB of preoperative type C ( OR=21.138, P=0.030 and OR=0.406, P=0.048 respectively). Conclusion:For patients with preoperative type A, both anterior and posterior procedures lead to a satisfactory reconstruction of coronal balance. In patients with preoperative type C, anterior surgery acquire a better reconstruction of coronal balance. The strategy of proximal UEV-1 was similar to the strategy of UEV in terms of restoring coronary balance in anterior approach and it was unable to lower the rate of postoperative coronal imbalance. In contrast, UEV-1 strategy in posterior surgery was effective in reducing the rate of postoperative coronal imbalance.

Objective:To investigate the impact of correcting rotational subluxation through circumferential fusion and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) on postoperative coronal plane imbalance in degenerative scoliosis.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 108 patients with type A degenerative scoliosis in the Nanjing classification who underwent primary multi-segment posterior column osteotomy (PCO) with deformity correction and internal fixation at Nanjing Gulou Hospital from June 2017 to June 2021. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of preoperative rotational subluxation: the rotational subluxation group and the non-rotational subluxation group. The rotational subluxation group consisted of 60 patients, with 8 males and 52 females, aged 63.7±5.5 years (range, 56-75 years). The non-rotational subluxation group included 48 patients, with 5 males and 43 females, aged 64.4±5.2 years (range, 53-72 years). Within the rotational subluxation group, depending on whether TLIF was performed on the rotational subluxation segment, they were further categorized into the TLIF group and the PCO group. The TLIF group comprised 28 patients, while the PCO group had 32 patients. Full-spine anteroposterior and lateral X-rays were taken preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up to measure coronal balance types and radiographic parameters. The differences in the lumbar Cobb angle, coronal balance distance (CBD), and the Cobb angle of the lumbosacral curve (Cobb-Fra angle) were compared between the rotational subluxation group and the non-rotational subluxation group, as well as between the TLIF group and the PCO group.Results:The average surgery duration ranged from 200 to 310 min, with a mean of 235±47 min. The intraoperative blood loss ranged from 700 to 2,400 ml, with an average of 950±355 ml. The number of fused segments in the rotational subluxation group was 7.6±2.1, ranging from 5 to 11 segments, while in the non-rotational subluxation group, it was 7.4±2.0, ranging from 5 to 10 segments. Postoperatively, 13%(8/60) of patients in the rotational subluxation group developed type C coronal imbalance, significantly higher than the 2%(1/48) in the non-rotational subluxation group. The immediate postoperative and final follow-up lumbar Cobb angles, CBD, and Cobb-Fra angles in the rotational subluxation group were 20.60°±10.73° and 20.33°±10.92°, 22.53±16.45 mm and 18.53±17.31 mm, 13.14°±4.40° and 11.23°±4.92°, respectively, which were higher than those in the non-rotational subluxation group (13.92°±7.02° and 12.92°±6.64°, 18.62±17.44 mm and 8.83±8.95 mm, 11.91°±3.03° and 9.52°±3.30°), with statistical significance ( P<0.05).. Among patients in the rotational subluxation group, the probability of new-onset coronal imbalance postoperatively was 4%(1/28) in the TLIF group, which was lower than the 22%(7/32) in the PCO group, with a statistically significant difference (χ 2=4.330, P=0.037). The immediate postoperative and final follow-up lumbar Cobb angles, CBD, and Cobb-Fra angles in the PCO group were 25.63°±11.00° and 25.13°±11.04°, 27.37±18.95 mm and 25.25±18.67 mm, 15.50°±3.62° and 14.08°±4.77°, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the TLIF group (14.86°±6.96° and 14.86°±5.37°, 17.08±10.94 mm and 10.86±7.86 mm, 10.14°±3.37° and 8.46°±2.66°), with statistical significance ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For patients with Type A degenerative scoliosis combined with rotational subluxation according to the Nanjing classification, performing a 360-degree circumferential release and interbody fusion at the segment with rotatory subluxation can reduce the risk of developing new postoperative coronal imbalances.

Objective To analyze the prescription patterns of Professor Chen Bin in treating chronic superficial gastritis(CSG)with data mining methods.Methods Prescription data from effective medical records of outpatients with CSG treated by Professor Chen Bin at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from October of 2022 to April of 2023 were collected.R language,SPSS,and IBM SPSS Modeler were used to perform frequency statistics,association rule analysis,and systematic cluster analysis on the prescription data,and then the medication and prescription patterns of Professor Chen Bin in treating CSG were explored.Results A total of 64 outpatient prescriptions formulated by Professor Chen Bin were included,involving 95 Chinese herbal medicines.The top 10 frequently-used herbs were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle(Zhigancao),Bupleuri Radix(Chaihu),Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum(Fabanxia),Jujubae Fructus(Dazao),Zingiberis Rhizoma(Ganjiang),Codonopsis Radix(Dangshen),Scutellariae Radix(Huangqin),Paederiae Herba(Jishiteng),Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium(Chenpi),and Taraxaci Herba(Pugongying).Most of the herbs were warm,cold,and mild in nature,and were sweet in flavor.And the herbs mainly had the meridian tropism of spleen,stomach,and liver meridians,and had the primary therapeutic effects of strengthening the spleen and replenishing qi,regulating qi,and resolving dampness.Based on the results of association rule analysis,a total of 21 core herb combinations were screened out,and cluster analysis yielded 4 clustered prescriptions.Combining the results of high-frequency herb statistics and cluster analysis and based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory,the core herbs for treating CSG was identified as Zhigancao,Chaihu,Fabanxia,Dazao,Ganjiang,Dangshen,Huangqin,Jishiteng,Chenpi,and Pugongying.Conclusion In treating CSG,Professor Chen Bin adheres to the treatment principle of replenishing qi and regulating the pivot,and the therapeutic methods of regulating qi movement,strengthening the spleen and harmonizing the stomach are applied with Xiaochaihu Decoction as the fundamental prescriptions.His view of treatment by focusing on the spleen and stomach,emphasizing the combination of herbs with cold and warm properties and based on syndrome differentiation will provide a reference for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in treating CSG.