Objective To analyze the implementation status of GBZ 130-2020 Requirements for Radiological Protection in Diagnostic Radiology in Beijing City and identify the problems in standard implementation. Methods A total of 222 professionals from 127 medical institutions, radiation health technical service institutions and health supervision institutions in Beijing City were selected as the study participants using the stratified random sampling method. Standard Implementation Evaluation Questionnaire was used to assess their evaluations on the standard technical content, implementation status and implementation effectiveness. Radiation protection inspection reports were reviewed to obtain data on external dose level outside shielding from 8 810 radiological diagnostic rooms in Beijing City. Technical risk points in standard implementation were identified through discussion with the experts and qualitatively analyzed. Results The measurement score for standard implementation was 95.1. The scores for the first-level indicators of standard technical content, standard implementation status, standard implementation effectiveness were 39.0, 26.2 and 29.9, respectively. Among the second-level indicators, standard publicity and training scored the lowest at 7.6. A total of 17 major problems related to standard implementation were identified, including inconsistent dose limits around imaging rooms versus environmental protection limits, absence of protection requirements for new equipment such as vehicle-mounted compated tomograph (CT) and CT shelter, and poor compliance with dental protective devices. The overall pass rate for external dose level outside shielding among radiological diagnostic rooms in Beijing City was 99.6%. Among the 40 non-compliant rooms, structural defects such as improper door/window overlaps accounted for 52.5%. Conclusion The implementation of GBZ 130-2020 Requirements for Radiological Protection in Diagnostic Radiology in Beijing City is generally good, with improved standardization level of radiation protection. However, there remain rooms for optimization in indicator coordination and standard publicity and training.

Objective To explore the method for establishing a pig left lung orthotopic transplantation model. Methods A total of 4 male Yorkshire pigs weighing (40.0±2.5) kg underwent surgical procedures, including anesthesia, tracheal intubation, donor lung procurement, and recipient lung transplantation. Histological morphology and blood gas analysis of the transplanted lungs were assessed 2 hours after reperfusion to evaluate the histological changes and function of the transplanted lungs. Results The pigs underwent left lung in situ transplantation, effectively simulating conditions relevant to human lung transplantation. Two hours after the transplantation, arterial blood gas analysis showed that arterial partial pressure of oxygen was 155.4-178.6 mm Hg, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 53.1-62.4 mm Hg, and the oxygenation index was 310.8-357.2 mm Hg. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated a low degree of pulmonary edema and minimal cellular infiltration. Conclusion The pig left lung orthotopic transplantation model possesses strong operability and stability. Researchers can replicate this model according to the described methods and further conduct basic research and explore clinical translational applications.

Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is closely associated with placental dysfunction. However, the effects of preconception co-exposure to β-cypermethrin (β-CYP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) on fetal growth and placental function remain unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to β-CYP and EMB on embryonic development in female rats and to elucidate the mechanisms by which these substances cause IUGR from the perspectives of placental structure, progesterone synthesis, and mitochondrial autophagy. Methods Forty-eight specific pathogen-free (SPF) adult female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to a control group, a β-CYP group, an EMB group, and a co-exposure group (n=12 per group). A whole-body dynamic inhalation exposure system was used to simulate greenhouse exposure. Rats in the control group were exposed to clean air, whereas those in the exposure groups were exposed to β-CYP (55 mg·m⁻³), EMB (7.8 mg·m⁻³), or their combination for 2 h per day for 90 consecutive days. After exposure, ovarian and serum estradiol (E₂) levels were determined in six rats from each group, while the remaining six rats were mated. Of the mated rats, three per group were sacrificed on gestational day 18, and the other remaining three were allowed to deliver naturally. Pregnancy outcomes and fetal development were evaluated. Placental morphology, progesterone (Prog) levels, progesterone synthesis-related factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and mitophagy-related indicators were subsequently assessed. Results Compared with the control group, fetal body weight on gestational day 18 and neonatal body weight were significantly decreased, whereas the incidence of IUGR was significantly increased in the β-CYP, EMB, and co-exposure groups (P<0.05). The EMB and co-exposure groups exhibited an increased proportion of the placental junctional zone thickness to total placental thickness and a reduced proportion of the labyrinth zone (P<0.05). Ovarian E₂ and placental Prog levels were decreased in all three exposure groups. In addition, the placental expression of cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member1(CYP11A1)、3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(HSD3B1)、progesterone receptor(PgR) was downregulated, catalase (CAT) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were reduced, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was increased in all exposure groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 2 was decreased, whereas the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) were increased in all exposure groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Prenatal exposure to β-CYP and EMB can cause structural damage to the rat placenta, affect the expression of markers related to progesterone synthesis, and is accompanied by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy, ultimately affecting the intrauterine growth and development of the fetus.

Objective To investigate the basic situation of nuclear medicine diagnostic and treatment institutions in Shanghai, understand the development level and distribution characteristics of nuclear medicine in Shanghai, and assess the current status of nuclear medicine development in Shanghai. Methods Using questionnaires, on-site verification, and retrieval of information system records, a survey was carried out on nuclear medicine department staff, equipment, and personal radiation exposure levels of workers in Shanghai. Results As of December 2023, there were 48 nuclear medicine diagnostic and treatment institutions in Shanghai, including 32 (66.7%) tertiary hospitals. Of these, 24 (50%) hospitals performed ¹³¹I therapy, and 9 (18.8%) hospitals conducted ¹³¹I treatment for thyroid cancer. There were 681 nuclear medicine radiation workers, with an average annual effective dose from external radiation of 0.54 mSv. There were 137 pieces of nuclear medicine equipment, including 56 SPECT/CT, 42 PET/CT, 8 PET/MRI, 25 thyroid function meters, and 6 cyclotrons. In 2023, the total radioactivity of radionuclides used in Shanghai was 1.2 × 10⁸ MBq, with 3.4 × 10⁷ MBq of ¹⁸F, 7.4 × 10⁷ MBq of ^99mTc, and 1.2 × 10⁷ MBq of ¹³¹I. The total annual number of nuclear medicine diagnostic and treatment procedures performed was 247 826 and the application frequency was 10.0 procedures per thousand population. Conclusion Clinical nuclear medicine in Shanghai has developed rapidly, achieving the Level I healthcare standard as defined in the UNSCEAR 2008 report. Enhancing occupational protection for radiation workers is a critical issue that requires particular attention in the next phase of development.

Objective To evaluate the current status in the implementation of GBZ/T 201.5-2015 Radiation shielding requirements for radiotherapy rooms-Part 5: Radiotherapy room of proton accelerators, identify issues in the application of its technical indicators, and provide a basis for the in-depth implementation and further revision of the standard. Methods In accordance with the Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Guidelines for Health Standards Tracking Evaluation (WS/T 536-2017), a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling methods was employed to select professionals involved in proton accelerator radiotherapy devices and facilities in three provinces (or municipalities directly under the central government) as the subjects of the survey. A questionnaire was developed to collect basic information about the subjects and their understanding and application of the technical indicators in the standard. A standard evaluation indicator system with a total score of 100 points was established to score the implementation of the standard (40 points), the technical content (30 points), and the effectiveness of the implementation (30 points). Results A total of 169 professionals from 107 institutions participated in the survey, with 79.88% of the respondents having at least 5 years of experience in radiation therapy and 74.56% holding intermediate or higher professional titles. The score of standard implementation was 18.3 points. The awareness rate exceeded 80%, indicating a high level of awareness about the standard. However, the scores for the dissemination and application of the standard were relatively low, accounting for 28% and 32% of their respective full marks. The technical content of the standard and the effectiveness of its implementation scored 27.0 and 26.6 points, respectively. The overall score in the evaluation of standard implementation was 72 points, with scores of 68.6, 72.3, and 75.0 for Beijing City, Shanghai City, and Jiangsu Province, respectively. Conclusion GBZ/T 201.5-2015 Radiation shielding requirements for radiotherapy rooms-Part 5: Radiotherapy room of proton accelerators is scientific and operable, and it is well-coordinated with relevant laws and standards. However, considering the development in FLASH technology and multi-chamber radiotherapy room, it is necessary to revise and improve the standard.

Objective To track and evaluate the implementation and application of the occupational health standard Radiation shielding requirements for radiotherapy room—Part 4: Radiotherapy room of ²⁵²Cf neutron afterloading (GBZ/T 201.4-2015) by radiation health technical service agencies, medical institutions, health supervision agencies, and radiotherapy facility design units, and to provide a scientific basis for the further revision and implementation of this standard. Methods Following the Guideline for health standards tracking evaluation (WS/T 536-2017) and the project implementation plan, relevant practitioners were randomly selected for a questionnaire survey. The survey primarily focused on their awareness, standard training, application, and revision suggestions of GBZ/T 201.4-2015. The results were summarized and analyzed. Results A total of 168 evaluation questionnaires were collected from relevant practitioners in 28 provinces. Only 31.6% of the respondents reported being “well familiar” or “ familiar” with the standard, 27.4% of the respondents believed that the standard was widely used, and 45.2% of the respondents believed that the standard could meet the needs of their work. Only 14.9% of the respondents had received relevant training on the standard, more than half of the respondents had not applied the standard within the past 10 years, and 45.2% of the respondents believed that the standard "needs to be revised". Conclusion Due to the small number of californium-252 neutron afterloading radiotherapy devices in operation on the market, the overall awareness of the standard is low, suggesting that relevant authorities need to strengthen training and publicity of the standard, and that certain sections of the standard need to be revised or merged.

Objective To investigate the levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing, China, and assess the committed effective dose to local residents from food intake. Methods From 2021 to 2022, a total of 65 food samples across 7 categories were collected in Beijing. The activity concentrations of radionuclides, including ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²³⁸U, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰K, ⁹⁰Sr, ²¹⁰Po, ³H and ¹⁴C, were measured using gamma spectrometry and radiochemical methods. By combining the monitoring results with dietary consumption data of Beijing residents and the internal dose coefficients for Chinese reference adult phantom, the committed effective dose was estimated. Results The levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing were within the normal background range, consistent with related surveys in China and abroad, with activity concentrations below national standard limits. No significant differences were found in the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸U, ²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K between food samples collected from key areas and those from control areas (P > 0.05). The committed effective doses calculated according to internal dose coefficients for Chinese reference adult male phantom and GB 18871-2002 were 0.26 mSv and 0.19 mSv, respectively. Based on the Chinese reference adult male phantom, the majority of the committed effective dose was attributed to ²¹⁰Pb (45.1%), ²²⁸Ra (37.1%), ²¹⁰Po (12.3%), and ²²⁶Ra (4.7%). Conclusion The levels of radionuclides in food in Beijing fluctuated within the background range, resulting in a low radiation dose burden to the population.

As a new type of production factor that can empower the development of new quality productivity, the data element is an important engine to promote the high quality development of the industry. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) dispensing is the most basic work of TCM clinical pharmacy, and its quality directly affects the clinical efficacy of TCM. The integration of data elements and TCM dispensing can stimulate the innovation and vitality of the TCM dispensing industry and promote the high-quality and sustainable development of the industry. A large-scale, detailed, and systematic study on TCM dispensing was conducted. The innovative practice path of data fusion construction in the whole process of TCM dispensing was investigated by integrating the digital resources "nine full activities" of TCM dispensing, creating the digital dictionary of "TCM clinical information data elements", and exploring innovative applications of TCM dispensing driven by data and technology, so as to promote the standardized, digital, and intelligent development of TCM dispensing in medical health services. The research content of this project was successfully selected as the second batch of "Data element×" typical cases of National Data Administration in 2024, which is the only selected case in the field of TCM.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality based on the 10-year population-based multicenter prospective study. METHODS: A general population-based multicenter prospective study was conducted at four sites in rural China between 2013 and 2023. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to assess the association between BMI and mortality. Stratified analyses were performed based on the individual characteristics of the participants. RESULTS: Overall, 19,107 participants with a sum of 163,095 person-years were included and 1,910 participants died. The underweight (< 18.5 kg/m ²) presented an increase in all-cause mortality (adjusted hazards ratio [ aHR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.66-2.41), while overweight (≥ 24.0 to < 28.0 kg/m ²) and obesity (≥ 28.0 kg/m ²) presented a decrease with an aHR of 0.61 (95% CI: 0.52-0.73) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.37-0.70), respectively. Overweight ( aHR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67-0.86) and mild obesity ( aHR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87) had a positive impact on mortality in people older than 60 years. All-cause mortality decreased rapidly until reaching a BMI of 25.7 kg/m ² ( aHR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) and increased slightly above that value, indicating a U-shaped association. The beneficial impact of being overweight on mortality was robust in most subgroups and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION This study provides additional evidence that overweight and mild obesity may be inversely related to the risk of death in individuals older than 60 years. Therefore, it is essential to consider age differences when formulating health and weight management strategies.
Humans ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Adult ; Mortality ; Cause of Death ; Obesity/mortality* ; Overweight/mortality*