OBJECTIVE To compare the anti-thymic atrophy effects of petroleum ether(PEE), ethyl acetate(EAE), n-butanol(BE) and water extract(WE) fractions from root tubers of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg based on mice thymic atrophy model established by intraperitoneal injection of PolyI:C to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms of its effects. METHODS One hunderd ICR mice were randomly divided into 10 groups: control group, model group, low- and high-dose groups of the four extract fractions, with 10 mice in each group. The control group and model group were given equal volume of purified water and gavaged for 10 d. Starting on the 9th day, PolyI:C solution of 16 mg·kg−1 was injected intraperitoneally for 2 consecutive days, except for the control group, which was injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline. Samples of thymics were weighed and and visceral index was calculated, blood samples were taken for analysis of IL-2, TNF-α and WBC, thymic histopathology was analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin staining, Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of TNF-α, p-NF-κB and NF-κB. RESULTS Compared with the model group, all groups of extracts could enhance the thymus weight and thymus index, as well as the cortex and medulla area ratio and the number of thymic corpuscles in 1 mm2 of medulla to different degrees, and at the same time, significantly reduce the level of TNF-α in plasma, evidently inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB, and reduced the protein expression of TNF-α, and each of them having distinct advantages and disadvantages. Peripheral blood white blood cell, lymphocyte absolute count and lymphocyte percentage were elevated in the low-dose WE group, low-dose EAE group and high dose PEE group, IL-2 levels were significantly elevated in the low-dose WE group and high dose BE group, and these effects were particularly well demonstrated. CONCLUSION Four extracts from root tubers of Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg can improve morphological changes and atrophy of the thymus tissue in different degrees, regulate of peripheral blood leukocyte imbalance in post-modeling mice, it may be related to the inhibition of PolyI:C-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB and reduction of protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors.

OBJECTIVE To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 30 compounds(including antianginal drugs, anticoagulant, anti-platelet aggregators and anti-inflammatory analgesics) illegally added in Chinese patent medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. METHODS The sample was extracted by ultrasonication with 60% methanol. The analysis was performed on Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.6 μm) with gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min–1, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Mass spectrometry was collected using electrospray ionization (ESI), simultaneous scanning of positive and negative ions, and multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS The linearity of the 30 compounds was good in the mass range examined, with the correlation coefficients all >0.999. The limits of detection of each compound ranged from 1.3 to 238.4 ng·g–1 and the average recoveries ranged from 63.7% to 108.2% with the RSDs of 1.0% to 6.7%. The method was used to test 90 batches of Shujin Huoxue tablets. Paracetamol was detected in 3 batches, while the rest of the compounds were not detected. The amount of paracetamol detected ranged from 0.16 to 0.93 μg per tablet, which was much lower than the minimum daily dose of the corresponding drug, excluding intentional addition. The probable explanation was the residues caused by incomplete cleaning validation of the enterprise’s collinear production. CONCLUSION This method is rapid, accurate, highly sensitive, and highly selective, and can be used for qualitative screening and quantitative determination of 30 chemical compounds illegally added in Chinese patent medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of 60Co-γ irradiation on the sterilization effect and main components of Rubus chingii Hu. METHODS Irradiated Rubus chingii Hu by 0, 6, 10, 15, 30 kGy doses of 60Co-γ, used the microbial count method to determine the microbial level of Rubus chingii Hu before and after irradiation. Analyzed the components of Rubus chingii Hu by high resolution mass spectrometry, investigated the effects of irradiation on the quality of Rubus chingii Hu by comparing the components of Rubus chingii Hu samples before and after irradiation, analyzing the quantitative results of ellagic acid and kaempferol 3-O-yunxiangoside, and evaluating the similarity of fingerprints. RESULTS The results of microbial examination of Rubus chingii Hu after different doses of irradiation all met the requirements, cluster analysis and principal component analysis of 20 components showed no significant difference. And there was no significant difference in the contents of ellagic acid and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside before and after irradiation. The similarity of fingerprints before and after irradiation was between 0.995 and 1.000. CONCLUSION Irradiation can effectively control the microbial level in Rubus chingii Hu, and there is no significant effect on the chemical composition of Rubus chingii Hu, the results provide a basis for the application of irradiation in the sterilization process of Rubus chingii Hu.

Ganoderma lucidum is one of the widely-used traditional Chinese medicines.Ganoderma lucidum extract and Ganoderma spore powder are also widely used in foods,health care and cosmetics,and are highly favored by consumers.Ganoderic acid A is one of the main effective components of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids.In recent years,a large number of studies have proved that ganoderic acid A has anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotection,hypolipidemic,renoprotective properties,and has therapeutic potential in psychiatric and neurological disorders.,which has high medicinal value and good prospects for development.Based on review of domestic and foreign literatures in recent years,the new research progress in pharmacology of ganoderic acid A is summarized in this paper in order to provide references for its further development and clinical applications.

Objective To understand and assess the quality status of national drug sampling inspection in 2022 and the possible risks of drug quality.Methods With the aim of identifying issues and preventing risks,a sampling model of"dispersed sampling,centralized inspection,exploratory research,and comprehensive evaluation"was used to review the historical inspection data of national drug sampling.The overall quality and potential risks of national drug sampling in 2022 were analyzed,with a focus on identifying and examining the main quality problems and risks.Results The average pass rate of the sampling inspection in 2022 was 99.4% .The overall safety situation of China's post-marketing drug quality is stable and manageable,indicating that the drug quality is at a high level.Conclusions By carrying out exploratory studies related to drug safety,authenticity,and efficacy,national sampling plays an important role in comprehensively evaluating the quality status of drugs.It aids in improving the quality control level of drug varieties and industry standards,strengthening quality and safety supervision,combating illegal practices such as adulteration and falsification,and providing public warnings about drug safety.

Coronary heart disease is still one of the most common cardiovascular disease and causes of death worldwide(including China).Anti-platelet drugs are fundamental in the treatment of coronary heart disease.In recent years,more and more studies have found that trimethylamine N-ox-ide(TMAO),a major metabolite of intestinal flora,can promote atherosclerosis through various mech-anisms,affecting the prognosis of patients with cor-onary heart disease and the efficacy of antiplatelet drugs.This article reviews the effect of TMAO on coronary heart disease and the efficacy of anti-platelet drugs.

OBJECTIVE To explore the research status of drug control institutions and to analyze the research hotspots and frontier trends, so as to provide references for further research.METHODS Taking CNKI as the data source of Chinese literature, Web of Science Core Collection as the data source of English literature. Using CiteSpace 6.1.R6 visualization tool software, visualization analysis was conducted to the research status of drug control institutions in China from the aspects of author-institution cooperation, keyword co-occurrence, keyword cluster and burst analysis. Meanwhile, draw the relevant maps to do the compare.RESULTS A total of 3 711 Chinese literatures and 2 650 English literatures were included. The number of literatures issued by Chinese drug control institutions showed a rising trend. Ma Shuangcheng was the most prolific author, and National Institutes for Food and Drug Control was the most prolific research institution. Current research hotspots included content determination, fingerprinting, identification evaluation, dissolution mechanism and related substances combining specific drugs, as well as biotechnology, nanomaterials and toxicological substitution technologies. Frontier research trends mainly included drug quality research integrating advanced analytical technology and measurement methods, detection technology of frontier biological products, and continuous research on antibacterial active substances. CONCLUSION Researchers and institutions should grasp hotspots and trends, work at deepen cooperation and research, and provide intellectual support for improving ability of drug inspection and promoting the modernization of drug supervision.

Objective:To explore the postprandial plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) changes by various detection methods.Methods:A total of 85 subjects admitted to the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from November 2017 to May 2019 were included. Serum samples were collected from fasting and the 2 nd hour and the 4 th hour after breakfast. Serum lipid levels were measured with enzymatic assays and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMRS), and proprotein invertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The differences of blood lipid components at different time points were compared by Friedman two-way rank analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the correlation between PCSK9 level and lipoprotein particles was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results:Measured by enzymatic assays, compared with the fasting state, LDL-C decreased at the 2 nd hour and the 4 th hour after the meal (2.58[2.09, 3.12], 2.47[1.92, 3.02], 2.37[1.82, 2.80] mmol/L, P<0.001). Measured by NMRS, the concentration of LDL particles (1 086[830, 1 239], 1 083[848, 1 213], 1 061[814, 1 213] nmol/L, P=0.417) did not change significantly, and cholesterol in LDL particles were 2.13 (1.56, 2.54), 2.16 (1.68, 2.50), 2.06 (1.58, 2.50) mmol/L, respectively ( P=0.047)，and postprandial cholesterol in LDL particles in the 2 nd hour and in the 4 th hour did not change significantly compared with fasting ( P>0.05). while the concentration of large LDL particles (185.2[150.6,221.6], 173.0[144.8,220.3], 178.1[144.0,233.6] nmol/L, P=0.001), and the cholesterol level in large LDL particles (0.49[0.39, 0.57], 0.47[0.38, 0.57], 0.46[0.37, 0.58]mmol/L, P<0.001) decreased after the meal. The PCSK9 level also decreased significantly after the meal (299[233, 397], 257[208, 342], 251[215, 340] ng/ml, P<0.001). There was an independent positive correlation between the decrease of PCSK9 levels and the increase of remnant cholesterol detected by MNRS after the meal ( r=0.232, P=0.035). Conclusions:The postprandial LDL-C level measured by NMRS and enzymatic assays is not consistent. The decrease of LDL-C measured by enzymatic assays is not caused by the clearance of LDL particles, but by the redistribution of cholesterol in each LDL subfraction.

AlM: To analyze the prescribing of different antiplatelet drugs and clinical conditions of patients with coronary heart disease in department of Geriatrics. METHODS: This study was a single center and cross-sectional study. Patients with coronary heart disease were recruited when hospitalized in the department of Geriatrics department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between December 2021 and June 2022. We investigated and analyzed the clinical conditions of patients including the prescribing of the antiplatelet drugs. RESULTS: A total of 347 coronary heart disease patients with a mean age of (65.2 ± 10.1) years were included. The antiplatelet drug clopidogrel was the most commonly prescribed. Among the different dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), aspirin combined with clopidogrel was the most widely used. With the increasing of the numbers of target coronary lesions, the prescribing rate of clopidogrel increased significantly (P < 0.05). In three groups with different degrees of target coronary lesions, the prescribing rate of aspirin was higher than that of indobufene (P < 0.05). Compared with patients taking aspirin, the patients taking indobufene were older with a higher blood creatinine level, a higher proportion of chronic gastropathy and the higher level of platelet aggregation rates (P < 0.05). CONCLUSlON: Clopidogrel is the most commonly prescribed antiplatelet drugs in patients with coronary heart disease. Aspirin combined with clopidogrel is the most widely used in DAPT. Compared with aspirin, indobufene is more commonly used in elderly patients with the chronic gastritis and a higher serum creatinine level.

P2Y12 receptor antagonist is currently one of the commonly used drugs for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Clopidogrel is a representative drug among P2Y12 receptor antagonists. Bleeding events as the most common side effect of this drug have also been concerned. The incidence and risk of bleeding events in large-scale clinical studies of clopidogrel are analyzed and discussed to provide refer-ences for reasonable clinical prescription of clopidogrel.