OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD)-associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling 25 patients with GSD-associated IBD who received empagliflozin treatment. General data, details of empagliflozin use, and adverse events were collected. Clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters before and after empagliflozin therapy were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with GSD-associated IBD were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 0.7 years, and a mean age at initiation of empagliflozin therapy of (11 ± 6) years. The initial dose of empagliflozin was (0.30 ± 0.13) mg/(kg·d), with a maintenance dose of (0.40 ± 0.21) mg/(kg·d), and a treatment duration of (34 ± 6) months. Seventy-eight percent (18/23) of patients' parents reported that empagliflozin therapy reduced the frequency of infections and oral ulcers, and increased neutrophil counts. Clinically, the number of patients with anorexia decreased from 12 to 5 after treatment, and 30% showed improved appetite (P<0.05). The numbers of patients with diarrhea, mucus/bloody stools, perianal disease, and oral ulcers decreased from 19, 9, 11, and 21 before treatment to 7, 1, 0, and 10 after treatment, respectively (P<0.05). Laboratory findings showed that absolute neutrophil counts increased, while platelet counts, lactate, and uric acid levels decreased significantly after empagliflozin treatment (P<0.05). Adverse reactions occurred in 7 patients (28%) during empagliflozin treatment. Two cases occurred in the treatment initiation phase, presenting as hypotension or profuse sweating with dehydration, along with urinary tract infections (UTIs); empagliflozin was discontinued in both cases. During the maintenance phase, 3 cases of UTIs and 2 cases of hypoglycemia (one with profuse sweating) were reported. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin therapy can increase neutrophil counts, reduce the incidence of infections and oral ulcers, alleviate diarrhea and abdominal pain, improve appetite, and ameliorate platelet count, lactate, and uric acid levels in patients with GSD-associated IBD, demonstrating significant clinical benefit. UTIs, hypoglycemia, hypotension, profuse sweating, and dehydration may be potential adverse reactions associated with empagliflozin therapy.
Humans ; Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects* ; Male ; Female ; Glucosides/adverse effects* ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/etiology* ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adolescent ; Glycogen Storage Disease/drug therapy* ; Infant

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a kind of exogenous chemicals presenting in the human living environment widely which affects the action of endocrine hormones in the human body. Numerous studies have shown that BPA has reproductive toxicity in the spermatogenic function damage of the testes through a variety of mechanisms such as interfering with endocrine function, inducing oxidative stress, promoting spermatogonial cell apoptosis, destroying the integrity of the blood-testis barrier, and regulating epigenetic inheritance, thereby destroying male fertility. Relevant studies have shown that TCM can improve male fertility by reversing BPA-induced reproductive damage through multi-component, multi-target and multi-mechanisms. However, there is no systematic review on the mechanism of TCM to reduce the reproductive toxicity of BPA. Based on the existing studies, this article will systematically introduce the mechanisms of BPA-induced reproductive impairment in men and the progress of TCM interventions, with a view to providing reference targets and research directions for the development of new Chinese medicines.
Humans ; Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects* ; Male ; Phenols/adverse effects* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Infertility, Male/chemically induced* ; Testis/drug effects* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Bisphenol A Compounds

Prostate cancer is one of the most common tumor, with the disease progressing from inert to aggressive tumors, and rapidly progressing to castration-resistant prostate cancer. Early-stage prostate cancer is usually asymptomatic. And by the time that symptoms appear, the disease has progressed to an incurable stage. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is especially important to control prostate cancer, which prolongs the survival period of patients. Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen have been widely used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, there are certain limitations that lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Although prostate needle biopsy is still the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer, with the wide application of multiparametric magnetic resonance examination and PSMA-PET/CT and other technologies in recent years, as well as the emergence of new biomarkers with higher sensitivity and specificity, its status as the gold standard has been challenged. And the diagnostic mode of prostate cancer has also undergone great changes. On this basis, the radical prostatectomy without prostate needle biopsy has been attempted clinically to treat prostate cancer, which gains the good clinical results. This article provides a review of the latest research advances in early screening and diagnostic models for prostate cancer.
Humans ; Male ; Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Infertility, Male/chemically induced* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phenols/adverse effects* ; Testis/drug effects* ; Bisphenol A Compounds

Objective: To explore the relationship between male sexual function and daily exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) at a reproductive center in Taiyuan. Methods: Male patients who were seeking treatment of infertility due to problems caused by either of the spouse were selected from the Shanxi reproductive center between September 2014 and April 2015. Information on general characteristics, sexual function and fasting venous blood samples were collected. Total scores of sexual function were evaluated by Delphi expert scoring method. Levels of serum BPA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation, rank sum test, multivariate logistic regression analysis and χ(2) trend test. Relationship between BPA and sexual function was presented as OR and corresponding 95%CI. Results: Among the 353 participants, 45.0% was defined as sexual dysfunction with low sexual desire (47.3%) as the major reason. BPA was detected in all the 353 patients, with a range of concentration as 0.38-21.93 ng/ml and an average as 5.79 ng/ml. Results from the Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed significant negative correlations between serum BPA and sexual function, sexual desire, erectile ability and ejaculation intensity, while serum BPA was positively correlated with premature ejaculation. According to the four percentile of BPA concentration (ng/ml), the subjects were divided into four groups. Compared with the low concentration group (0.38-3.79 ng/ml), the risk of sexual dysfunction significantly increased in the groups with higher BPA levels. Particularly, in the highest BPA group (8.68-21.93 ng/ml), more obvious effects were seen on sexual dysfunction (OR=1.55, 95%CI:1.00-3.23), reduced sexual desire (OR=4.75, 95%CI: 2.44-9.22), reduced erection ability (OR=2.40, 95%CI: 1.18-4.88), reduced ejaculation intensity (OR=2.53, 95%CI: 1.25-5.16) and premature ejaculation (OR=1.95, 95%CI: 1.02-3.72). Conclusion: Low sexual desire appeared as the main type of male sexual dysfunction, the exposure to higher levels of BPA in daily life might lead to male sexual dysfunction.
Benzhydryl Compounds/toxicity* ; Ejaculation/drug effects* ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects* ; Erectile Dysfunction/chemically induced* ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects* ; Phenols/toxicity*

Rats were exposed to 1 or 10 μg/mL bisphenol A (BPA) in water during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring rats were given normal water and a standard diet from weaning to postnatal day (PND) 50. Perinatal exposure to BPA resulted in significantly increased body weight, visceral adipose tissue, abnormal serum lipids, and lower adiponectin (ADP) levels in both female and male offspring rats. Liver adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl) mRNA levels and ADP protein in visceral adipose tissue were significantly decreased in BPA-exposed offspring rats. In both female or male offspring rats, obesity and dyslipidemia induced by perinatal exposure to BPA were associated with down regulation of Atgl mRNA in liver and ADP protein in visceral adipose tissue.
Adiponectin ; metabolism ; Adipose Tissue ; metabolism ; Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; adverse effects ; metabolism ; Body Weight ; Dyslipidemias ; enzymology ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lipase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Obesity ; enzymology ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Phenols ; adverse effects ; metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; enzymology ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; toxicity ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; blood ; Breast Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; Drug Synergism ; Endocrine Disruptors ; toxicity ; Estrone ; metabolism ; Genistein ; adverse effects ; Hydroxyestrones ; analysis ; Male ; Microsomes, Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenols ; toxicity ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effect of overactive bladder after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) preventively treated with electroacupuncture and Tolterodine.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty cases of benign prostate hyperplasia of TURP were randomly divided into an electroacupuncture and medicine group, an electroacupuncture group, a medicine group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. All the patients were treated with TURP under the continuous epidural anesthesia, and the catheter was retained for 5-7 days. In electroacupuncture group, before the surgery of the same day, Huiyang (BL 35), Ciliao (BL 32), Qugu (CV 2) and Huiyin (CV 1) were acupunctured with electroacupuncture for 30 min, once a day, 5-7 days' treatment was applied. In medicine group, Tolterodine Tartrate tablet was taken for 2 mg in the morning of surgery day, twice a day and treatment was applied for 5-7 days. In electroacupuncture and medicine group, the comprehensive therapies above in both electroacupuncture group and medicine group were applied. In control group, Pethidine of 50 mg was given by intramuscular injection when bladder was overactive, combined with Anisodamine injection of 10 mg according to the symptoms. The frequency and lasting time of bladder overactivity were compared within 72 hours after TURP in each group.

RESULTSAfter TURP, the frequency of bladder overactivity were 2-4 times a day, and lasted for 5-15 min each time in control group. The frequency and lasting time of bladder overactivity in treatment groups at different time were less than those in control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in comparison of frequency and lasting time of bladder overactivity between electroacupuncture and medicine group (all P > 0.05). The frequency and lasting time of bladder hyperactivity in electroacupuncture and medicine group were less than those in the electroacupuncture group and the medicine group at 24 hours, 24-48 hours, 48-72 hours after TUPR (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONAfter TURP, early prevention of combined therapy of electroacupuncture and Tolterodine with oral administration is superior to that of electroacupuncture therapy or Tolterodine for overactive bladder treatment, and it is the safe and effective method to treat overactive bladder.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; therapeutic use ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Cresols ; therapeutic use ; Electroacupuncture ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phenylpropanolamine ; therapeutic use ; Postoperative Complications ; drug therapy ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Prostate ; surgery ; Tolterodine Tartrate ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; adverse effects ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; drug therapy ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo compare the efficacy and safety of tolterodine and oxybutynin in the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder in children.

METHODSA total of 204 children with idiopathic overactive bladder were randomly divided into three groups (n=68 each): placebo, tolterodine-treated and oxybutynin-treated. The efficacy and safety were evaluated two weeks after treatment.

RESULTSThe effective rate was 25% in the placebo group, 89% in the tolterodine-treated group, and 92% in the oxybutynin-treated group. The effective rate in the two treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (P<0.05). There was a similar efficacy between the two treatment groups. The incidence of adverse events in the tolterodine-treated group (28%) was significantly lower than that in the oxybutnin-treated group (57%) (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTolterodine has a similar efficacy to oxybutynin in the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder in children, with better safety in pharmacotherapy.

Adolescent ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cresols ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandelic Acids ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Muscarinic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Phenylpropanolamine ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Tolterodine Tartrate ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between 8 endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the serum and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODSThis study was conducted among 60 patients with PCOS, including 23 with insulin resistance (PCOS-IR) and 37 without insulin resistance (PCOS-NIR), and 29 non-PCOS women seeking medical attention for infertility or menstrual disorder (control group). The serum levels of 6 phthalic acid esters (PEAs), bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP) were measured in all the subjects.

RESULTSThe levels of PAEs, BPA and OP showed no significant differences between PCOS patients and the control group (P>0.05). The serum level of OP was significantly lower in patients PCOS-IR than in those with PCOS-NIR (47.89 ng/ml vs 60.24 ng/ml, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPEAs and BPA do not produce obvious effect on the pathogenesis of PCOS or contribute to insulin resistance, but OP may play a role in insulin resistance in PCOS patients.

Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; adverse effects ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Endocrine Disruptors ; adverse effects ; blood ; Environmental Pollutants ; adverse effects ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Phenols ; adverse effects ; blood ; Phthalic Acids ; adverse effects ; blood ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; blood ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThis study was to investigate the association of Bisphenol A and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

METHODSA hospital-based 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted. Sixty patients with unexplained recurrent abortion were included. Each case was matched with one normal control by age (± 2 years), living district and the same gestational age. The levels of Bisphenol A in urine for 60 cases and 60 controls were detected using high performance liquid chromatography after fluorescent derivatization. The levels of urinary Bisphenol A in case was compared with that in control in education levels, occupation, smoking history. Data was analyzed by means of Wilcoxon-test, Student-Newman-Keuls after rank transform, univariate and multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis. The software used was SAS 9.1.3.

RESULTSThe values of urinary Bisphenol A in cases and controls were (0.10 ± 0.21) µg/ml, (0.03 ± 0.08) µg/ml, respectively. The level of urinary Bisphenol A in cases was significantly higher than that in controls (Z = 3.988, P < 0.0001). The urinary Bisphenol A levels in cases were significant higher than those in controls from senior middle school (the levels were 0.10, 0.06 µg/ml respectively, Z = 1.996, P = 0.0459), college (the levels were 0.14, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.586, P = 0.0097), workers or farmers (the levels were 0.08, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.265, P = 0.0235), businessmen (the levels were 0.10, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 2.544, P = 0.0109), and no passive smokers (the levels were 0.09, 0.03 µg/ml respectively, Z = 3.767, P = 0.0002). After adjustment by age, body mass index, marital status during pregnancy and other factors, compared to Bisphenol A below 0.06 µg/ml, the adjusted OR was 4.03 (1.67 - 9.74) for Bisphenol A levels between 0.06 µg/ml and 0.20 µg/ml, and was 5.46 (1.95 - 15.27) for Bisphenol A over 0.20 µg/ml. The risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion increased progressively with the growth of urinary Bisphenol A levels (χ(2) = 13.042, trend test P = 0.0003). There were significant differences on Bisphenol A among controls, two abortions, and three or more abortions (the levels were 0.03 µg/ml, 0.09 µg/ml, 0.21 µg/ml respectively, F = 9.04, P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONExposure to Bisphenol A may be associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Abortion, Habitual ; etiology ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; etiology ; Adult ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Exposure ; adverse effects ; Phenols ; urine ; Pregnancy ; Young Adult