Purpose: This report describes the development of a simulation scenario for medical student that incorporates cultural diversity within the context of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). Methods: Using a hybrid simulation approach, we designed a scenario focusing on communication with a family that immigrated from Korea to the United States during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenario objectives were for learners to perform CPR with family presence, communicate with the family, and understand and negotiate cultural needs. Following a pilot scenario with two inexperienced volunteer medical students as learners, the program was evaluated through anonymous surveys and informal focus group feedback. Results: Students noted that this simulation differed from previous experiences as compared with emphasizing family communication rather than patient diagnosis or treatment. Students valued experiencing the practical application of cultural competence concepts. The suggestions for scenario improvement included balancing two student participation roles, adjusting the timeline, and utilizing a standardized family member. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that an FPDR simulation program can be effectively repeated with multiple medical students and applied to CPR simulations involving diverse cultural backgrounds.

Purpose: This report describes the development of a simulation scenario for medical student that incorporates cultural diversity within the context of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). Methods: Using a hybrid simulation approach, we designed a scenario focusing on communication with a family that immigrated from Korea to the United States during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenario objectives were for learners to perform CPR with family presence, communicate with the family, and understand and negotiate cultural needs. Following a pilot scenario with two inexperienced volunteer medical students as learners, the program was evaluated through anonymous surveys and informal focus group feedback. Results: Students noted that this simulation differed from previous experiences as compared with emphasizing family communication rather than patient diagnosis or treatment. Students valued experiencing the practical application of cultural competence concepts. The suggestions for scenario improvement included balancing two student participation roles, adjusting the timeline, and utilizing a standardized family member. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that an FPDR simulation program can be effectively repeated with multiple medical students and applied to CPR simulations involving diverse cultural backgrounds.

Purpose: This report describes the development of a simulation scenario for medical student that incorporates cultural diversity within the context of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). Methods: Using a hybrid simulation approach, we designed a scenario focusing on communication with a family that immigrated from Korea to the United States during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenario objectives were for learners to perform CPR with family presence, communicate with the family, and understand and negotiate cultural needs. Following a pilot scenario with two inexperienced volunteer medical students as learners, the program was evaluated through anonymous surveys and informal focus group feedback. Results: Students noted that this simulation differed from previous experiences as compared with emphasizing family communication rather than patient diagnosis or treatment. Students valued experiencing the practical application of cultural competence concepts. The suggestions for scenario improvement included balancing two student participation roles, adjusting the timeline, and utilizing a standardized family member. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that an FPDR simulation program can be effectively repeated with multiple medical students and applied to CPR simulations involving diverse cultural backgrounds.

Purpose: This report describes the development of a simulation scenario for medical student that incorporates cultural diversity within the context of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). Methods: Using a hybrid simulation approach, we designed a scenario focusing on communication with a family that immigrated from Korea to the United States during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenario objectives were for learners to perform CPR with family presence, communicate with the family, and understand and negotiate cultural needs. Following a pilot scenario with two inexperienced volunteer medical students as learners, the program was evaluated through anonymous surveys and informal focus group feedback. Results: Students noted that this simulation differed from previous experiences as compared with emphasizing family communication rather than patient diagnosis or treatment. Students valued experiencing the practical application of cultural competence concepts. The suggestions for scenario improvement included balancing two student participation roles, adjusting the timeline, and utilizing a standardized family member. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that an FPDR simulation program can be effectively repeated with multiple medical students and applied to CPR simulations involving diverse cultural backgrounds.

Objective: We investigated the possible association between lower serum lactate to albumin ratio upon hospital arrival and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcome. Methods: Records from the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine–Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (JAAM-OHCA) Registry were used for this multicenter observational study. Enrolled patients were ≥18 years old with OHCA of medical etiology who were hospitalized after spontaneous circulation returned between June 1, 2014, and December 31, 2021. We excluded those with missing data or those who failed to meet predefined inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was a cerebral performance category scale of 1 or 2 which indicated 30-day survival with favorable neurological outcome. Patients were divided into quartiles based on serum lactate to albumin ratios. The multivariable logistic regression analysis included adjustment for multiple factors. Results: Data from 4,413 patients were analyzed. The primary outcome was achieved by 558 of 1,104 patients (50.5%) in the first quartile (lactate to albumin ratio, ≤2.23), 240 of 1,111 patients (21.6%) in the second quartile (lactate to albumin ratio >2.23–3.39), 96 of 1,096 patients (8.8%) in the third quartile (lactate to albumin ratio >3.39–4.70), and 24 of 1,102 patients (2.2%) in the fourth quartile (lactate to albumin ratio, >4.70). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the primary outcome in the second, third, and fourth quartile compared with the first quartile were 0.33 (0.26–0.42), 0.19 (0.14–0.26), and 0.07 (0.04–0.11), respectively. Conclusion A statistically significant association between categorization in the lower lactate to albumin ratio quartile group and favorable neurological outcome after OHCA was identified.

Introduction: Fundamental Simulation Instructional Methods (FunSim) is an international simulation faculty development course for Japanese healthcare educators, with English and Japanese language versions. The objectives of this study were to assess post-course outcomes of international "FunSim" , and identify barriers to the implementation of simulation-based education (SBE) for Japanese simulation educators.

Methods: Using a 73-item web-based questionnaire, FunSim course outcomes were assessed at Kirkpatrick model level one (Reaction) ; two (Learning) ; and three (Behavior) . A Likert-type rating scale (1-7) was used for course evaluation (level one) , and for confidence and competency (level two) ; four different types of Yes-No question were used for level three. A Likert-type rating scale (1-5) was used to rate twelve pre-defined potential barriers to the implementation of SBE methods.

Results: A total of 178 (63%) of 283 participants responded; FunSim language was 47.8% English (E) and 57.3% Japanese (J) , with no differences between (E) and (J) "language barrier" responses. Eighty-eight percent of ratings for the 7-course evaluation items were > 4. Confidence and competency scores decreased "at the time of the survey" compared to "at the end of the course" (P<0.05) . Pre/Post-course participants who were active simulation faculty members increased from 68 to 112 (P<0.001) . Human factors such as "Simulation specialist availability" , " Time for teaching and faculty development" , " Number of trained faculty" , "Faculty development availability" , and "Faculty skill" were predominant barriers compared to other issues.

Conclusion: FunSim participants reported positive course feedback and no critical language barriers. Barriers to the implementation of SBE are primarily human factors. Work release, hiring simulation specialists, and faculty development must be addressed to establish effective SBE systems.