Objective:To evaluate efficacy of safflower polysaccharide in treatment of thymic atrophy induced by estradiol in mice.Methods:A total of 75 female ICR mice were divided into 5 groups:control group,model group,ubenimex group,SPS high dose group,SPS low dose group.Except for control group,each group was given intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate every other day for 6 times.Treatment group began administration 24 h after the last parenteral administration,once a day for 10 days.Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration,and body weight,immune organ index,MDA and GST levels in plasma,periph-eral blood cells and T cells changes were observed,thymus tissue was stained by HE staining and TUNEL cell apoptosis staining,and thymus output capacity was detected.Results:Both high and low doses of safflower polysaccharide significantly improved thymus index(P<0.05)in mice,increased leukocytes level in peripheral blood(P<0.05),proportions of CD3+CD4+T,CD3+CD8+T cells(P<0.05)and CD4+T/CD8+T,improved thymus tissue damage.High dose of safflower polysaccharide could significantly reduce apoptosis in thymus tissue and enhance thymus output.Conclusion:Safflower polysaccharide has a certain therapeutic effect on estradiol-induced thymus atrophy in mice.

Cholelithiasis is a common disease of the digestive system.The risk factors for cholelithiasis have been reported and summarized many times in the published literature,which primarily focused on cross-sectional studies.Due to the inherent limitations of the study design,the reported findings still need to be validated in additional longitudinal studies.Moreover,a number of new risk factors for cholelithiasis have been identified in recent years,such as bariatric surgery,hepatitis B virus infection,hepatitis C virus infection,kidney stones,colectomy,osteoporosis,etc.These new findings have not yet been included in published reviews.Herein,we reviewed the 101 cholelithiasis-associated risk factors identified through research based on longitudinal investigations,including cohort studies,randomized controlled trials,and nested case control studies.The risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis were categorized as unmodifiable and modifiable factors.The unmodifiable factors consist of age,sex,race,and family history,while the modifiable factors include 37 biological environmental factors,25 socioenvironmental factors,and 35 physiochemical environmental factors.This study provides thorough and comprehensive ideas for research concerning the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis,supplying the basis for identifying high-risk groups and formulating relevant prevention strategies.

To understand the clinical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection and the main risk factors affecting clinical prognosis, providing a reference for clinical prevention and control of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. In this study, the clinical data of 152 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection admitted to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing the electronic medical record system, including underlying diseases, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and bacterial resistance. Statistical methods such as Chi-Squared Test and t Test were used to analyze the related risk factors that may affect the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection, then the variables with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the independent risk factors of poor prognosis. The results showed among 152 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection, 50 patients (32.89%) were infected with MRSA. In comparison, 102 patients (67.11%) were infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Except for rifampicin, the resistance rate of MRSA to commonly used antibiotics was all higher than that of MSSA, and the difference was statistically significant (Chi-square values were 8.272, 11.972, 4.998, 4.776, respectively;all P-values are less than 0.05). Strains resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin/dalfopristin were not found. In the MRSA group, indwelling catheter and drainage tube, carbapenems, and β-lactamase inhibitor treatment were significantly higher than the MSSA group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of poor prognosis of bloodstream infection in the MRSA group was higher than that in the MSSA group (34.00% vs 13.73%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=8.495, P<0.05). No independent risk factors associated with poor prognosis were found in the included patients with MRSA bloodstream infection.Multivariate Logistic regression model analysis showed that solid malignant tumors (OR=13.576, 95%CI: 3.352-54.977, P<0.05), mechanical ventilation (OR=7.468, 95%CI: 1.398-39.884, P<0.05) were the most important independent risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection. In summary, the poor prognosis rate of MRSA bloodstream infection is higher than that of MSSA. The clinical evaluation of related risk factors should be strengthened, targeted prevention and control interventions should be taken to improve the prognosis of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection, and the use of antibiotics should be rational and standardized, to control bacterial infection and drug resistance effectively .
Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Methicillin/therapeutic use* ; Sepsis

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical features of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and their association with prognosis. METHODS: Clinical and prognosis data were collected from the children with JMML who were admitted from January 2008 to December 2016, and the influencing factors for prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 63 children with JMML were included, with a median age of onset of 25 months and a male/female ratio of 3.2∶1. JMML genetic testing was performed for 54 children, and PTPN11 mutation was the most common mutation and was observed in 23 children (43%), among whom 19 had PTPN11 mutation alone and 4 had compound PTPN11 mutation, followed by NRAS mutation observed in 14 children (26%), among whom 12 had NRAS mutation alone and 2 had compound NRAS mutation. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was only 22%±10% in these children with JMML. Of the 63 children, 13 (21%) underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The HSCT group had a significantly higher 5-year OS rate than the non-HSCT group (46%±14% vs 29%±7%, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the 5-year OS rate between the children without PTPN11 gene mutation and those with PTPN11 gene mutation (30%±14% vs 27%±10%, P>0.05). The Cox proportional-hazards regression model analysis showed that platelet count <40×10⁹/L at diagnosis was an influencing factor for 5-year OS rate in children with JMML (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The PTPN11 gene was the most common mutant gene in JMML. Platelet count at diagnosis is associated with the prognosis in children with JMML. HSCT can improve the prognosis of children with JMML.
Child ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/therapy* ; Prognosis ; Genetic Testing ; Mutation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

ObjectiveTo understand the physical development level of 3-7 years old children in Zhag′yab， and to provide reference for local health decision-making. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2021 and July 2021， with a sample of 1 247 Tibetan children aged 3-7 years from kindergartens in 13 districts of Zhag′yab. Their height and weight were measured and the hemoglobin was detected by a unified method. Standard statistical method was adopted （Z-score method）. Z-scores of length /height-for-age （HAZ）， Z-scores of weight-for-age （WAZ）， Z-scores of body mass index （BMI）-for-age （BAZ） and Z-scores of weight-for-height （WHZ） were calculated by WHO Anthro v3.2.2 and WHO Anthro Plus. The nutritional status of children was evaluated according to WHO diagnostic criteria for malnutrition and anemia. ResultsThe average WAZ and HAZ of children aged 3 to 7 in Zhag′yab were lower than the WHO standards，except for the WAZ of 4-year old， the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The overall detection rate of malnutrition was 25.7%， stunting， underweight， wasting， overweight， obesity and anemia were 11.6%， 11.8%， 10.8%， 3.3%， 1.8% and 29.3%， respectively. The detection rates of all indicators in boys were higher than those in girls， and the differences were not statistically significant （P>0.05）. The overweight rate and obesity rate of rural children were lower than those of urban children， and the other detection rates were higher than those of urban children. The differences of underweight rate， obesity rate and anemia rate were statistically significant between urban and rural children （P<0.05）. Among the detection rates of all indicators in different age groups， there were statistically significant differences in the overweight rate and the anemia rate （P<0.05）. The overweight rate of children aged 4 and the anemia rate of children aged 5 were the highest. ConclusionsThe physical development of children aged 3 to 7 in Zhag′yab is poor， and the prevalence of malnutrition and anemia is high. Underweight and anemia are more serious in rural children， and the overweight and obesity problem of urban children is emerging. More attention should be paid to promote their nutritional status. The prevention and intervention of children’s malnutrition should be strengthened in Zhag′yab.

Objective: To describe the gene mutation profile of newly diagnosed pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and analyze its effect on minimal residual disease (MRD). Methods: A total of 506 newly diagnosed B-ALL children treated in Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from September 2018 to July 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. The enrolled children were divided into MRD ≥1.00% group and <1.00% group according to MRD results on the 19th day since chemotherapy, and MRD ≥0.01% group and <0.01% group according to MRD results on the 46th day. Clinical characteristics and gene mutations of two groups were compared. Comparisons between groups were performed with chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Independent risk factors of MRD results on the 19th day and the 46th day were analyzed by Logistic regression model. Results: Among all 506 patients, there were 318 males and 188 females. On the 19th day, there were 114 patients in the MRD ≥1.00% group and 392 patients in the MRD <1.00% group. On the 46th day, there were 76 patients in the MRD ≥0.01% group and 430 patients in the MRD <0.01% group. A total of 187 gene mutations were detected in 487 (96.2%) of 506 children. The most common gene mutations were signal transduction-related KRAS gene mutations in 111 cases (22.8%) and NRAS gene mutations in 99 cases (20.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that PTPN11 (OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.00-3.63), KMT2A (OR=3.51, 95%CI 1.07-11.50) gene mutations and TEL-AML1 (OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.27-0.87), BCR-ABL1 (OR=0.27, 95%CI 0.08-0.92) fusion genes and age >10 years (OR=1.91, 95%CI 1.12-3.24) were independent influencing factors for MRD ≥1.00% on the 19th day. BCORL1 (OR=2.96, 95%CI 1.18-7.44), JAK2 (OR=2.99, 95%CI 1.07-8.42) and JAK3 (OR=4.83, 95%CI 1.50-15.60) gene mutations and TEL-AML1 (OR=0.43, 95%CI 0.21-0.87) fusion gene were independent influencing factors for MRD ≥0.01% on the 46th day. Conclusions: Children with B-ALL are prone to genetic mutations, with abnormalities in the RAS signaling pathway being the most common. Signal transduction related PTPN11, JAK2 and JAK3 gene mutations, epigenetic related KMT2A gene mutation and transcription factor related BCORL1 gene mutation are independent risk factors for MRD.
Child ; Female ; Male ; Humans ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Neoplasm, Residual/genetics* ; Retrospective Studies ; Genomics ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical treatment outcomes and the changes of the outcomes over time in extremely preterm twins in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for 269 pairs of extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks who were admitted to the department of neonatology in 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province from January 2008 to December 2017. According to the admission time, they were divided into two groups: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. Besides, each pair of twins was divided into the heavier infant and the lighter infant subgroups according to birth weight. The perinatal data of mothers and hospitalization data of neonates were collected. The survival rate of twins and the incidence rate of complications were compared between the 2008-2012 and 2013-2017 groups. RESULTS: Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of severe asphyxia and smaller head circumference at birth (P<0.05). The mortality rates of both of the twins, the heavier infant of the twins, and the lighter infant of the twins were lower in the 2013-2017 group compared with the 2008-2012 group (P<0.05). Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of pulmonary hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (P-IVH), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant increase in the survival rate over time in extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks in the 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province. The incidences of severe asphyxia, pulmonary hemorrhage, PDA, P-IVH, and NRDS decrease in both the heavier and lighter infants of the twins, but the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases. With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, the multidisciplinary collaboration between different fields of fetal medicine including prenatal diagnosis, obstetrics, and neonatology is needed in the future to jointly develop management strategies for twin pregnancy.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/epidemiology* ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) in the treatment of children with refractory/recurrent B acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). METHODS: Thirty-two patients with r/r B-ALL were treated by CAR-T, the recurrence and death respectively were the end point events to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAR-T. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 7.5 (2-17.5) years old; 40 times CAR-T were received in all patients and the median number of CAR-T was 0.9×107/kg; efficacy evaluation showed that 2 cases died before the first evaluation. Thirty patients showed that 3, 6, and 9-moth RFS was (96.3±3.6)%, (81.4±8.6)% and (65.3±12.5)%, respectively, while 3, 6, and 9-month OS was all 100%, and 12, 24-month OS was (94.7±5.1)% and (76±12.8)%. BM blasts≥36% before reinfusion and ferritin peak≥2 500 ng/ml within two weeks of CAR-T cell reinfusion were associated with recurrence. Adverse reactions mainly included cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and CART-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES), CRS appeared in 26 patients within a week of CAR-T cell reinfusion. CRES reaction was detected in 12 patients. Eighteen patients received intravenous drip of tocilizumab, among them, 12 combined with glucocorticoid. CRS and CRES reactions were relieved within one week after treatment. Hormone dosage was related to the duration of remission in patients, and the cumulative dose of methylprednisolone≥8 mg/kg showed a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION CAR-T is a safe and effective treatment for r/r B-ALL, most CRS and CRES reactions are reversible. BM blasts ≥36% before reinfusion and cumulative dose of methylprednisolone ≥8 mg/kg after reinfusion both affect the therapeutic effect. Ferritin≥2 500 ng/ml within two weeks after reinfusion is related to disease recurrence and is an independent prognostic risk factor.
Adolescent ; Antigens, CD19 ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic Disease ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Methylprednisolone ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy* ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism* ; Recurrence ; T-Lymphocytes

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of early-life nutrition intervention on pubertal development in female rats. MethodsFifty-eight neonatal female rats born small for gestational age （SGA） by using maternal food restriction were randomly divided into postnatal over-nutrition group （Group IS， n=28） and postnatal normal diet group （Group IC， n=30）. Another 58 neonatal female rats born appropriate for gestational age （AGA） were divided into postnatal over-nutrition group （Group CS， n=28） and postnatal normal diet group （Group CC， n=30）. Then we observed and measured the vaginal opening （VO）， sex hormone levels， organ coefficients of uterus and ovary， and numbers of corpora lutea at various stages of each group. ResultsThe VO in Group IS and Group CS was accelerated than that in Group IC and Group CC. The levels of luteinizing hormone （LH） on postnatal day 35 in Group IS and Group CS were higher than that of Group CC. The levels of estradiol and LH on postnatal day 35 were higher than those on postnatal day 21 in Group IS， Group CS and Group CC. The organ coefficients of uterus and ovary on postnatal day 35 were higher than those on postnatal day 21 in each group. The numbers of corpora lutea on postnatal day 35 and day 45 were higher in Group IS and Group CS than those in Group CC. ConclusionsPostnatal normal diet may help most SGA female rats catch up their growth and normal pubertal development， while postnatal over-nutrition promotes precocious puberty in either SGA or AGA female rats.

Background::The study aimed to describe the aortic valve morphology in Chinese patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS), and the impact of sizing strategies and related procedural outcomes.Methods::Patients with severe AS who underwent TAVR were consecutively enrolled from 2012 to 2019. The anatomy and morphology of the aortic root were assessed. "Downsize" strategy was preformed when patients had complex morphology. The clinical outcomes of patients who performed downsize strategy were compared with those received annular sizing strategy. The primary outcome was device success rate, and secondary outcomes included Valve Academic Research Consortium-3 clinical outcomes variables based on 1-year follow-up.Results::A total of 293 patients were enrolled. Among them, 95 patients (32.4%) had bicuspid aortic valve. The calcium volume (Hounsfield Unit-850) of aortic root was 449.90 (243.15-782.15) mm 3. Calcium is distributed mostly on the leaflet level. Downsize strategy was performed in 204 patients (69.6%). Compared with the patients who performed annular sizing strategy, those received downsize strategy achieved a similar device success rate (82.0% [73] vs. 83.3% [170], P= 0.79). Aortic valve gradients (downsize strategy group vs. annular sizing group, 11.28 mmHg vs. 11.88 mmHg, P = 0.64) and percentages of patients with moderate or severe paravalvular regurgitation 2.0% (4/204) vs. 4.5% (4/89), P = 0.21) were similar in the two groups at 30 days after TAVR. These echocardiographic results were sustainable for one year. Conclusions::Chinese TAVR patients have more prevalent bicuspid morphology and large calcium volume of aortic root. Calcium is distributed mostly on the leaflet level. Compare with annular sizing strategy, downsize strategy provided a non-inferior device success rate and transcatheter heart valve hemodynamic performance in self-expanding TAVR procedure.