Objective:To investigate the disparities in breast cancer burden and changing epidemiological trends between China and the United States(US)from 1990 to 2021 and identify the key driving factors.Methods:The Global Burden of Disease database(1990-2021)was utilized to analyze breast cancer incidence,mortality,and disability adjusted life years(DALYs)in China and the US;we also assessed the as-sociations with risk factors(e.g.,obesity and smoking)through regression models and spatiotemporal analysis.Results:China's breast can-cer age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)surged from 9.08/100,000 in 1990 to 19.36/100,000 in 2021,whereas the US ASIR declined from 44.37/100,000 to 37.49/100,000.Regarding the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),China saw a marginal reduction from 4.70/100,000 to 4.40/100,000,whereas the US experienced a significant decline from 13.03/100,000 to 9.28/100,000,narrowing the mortality gap from 2.8-fold to 2.1-fold.Key risk factors contributing to mortality and DALYs included smoking,exposure to secondhand smoke,low physical activity,high red meat and alcohol intake,elevated fasting blood glucose levels,and high body mass index.The rising cancer incidence in China is associated with the westernization of lifestyles and changes in fertility patterns,whereas the United States has achieved a dual de-cline in both incidence and mortality rates through widespread screening and control of hormone replacement therapy.Conclusions:Both the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in China rank among the highest globally,with incidence rates still increasing,indicating severe issues in prevention and control.In contrast,although the incidence rate in the US is higher than that in China,it shows a declining trend.To alleviate the growing burden of breast cancer,China must further enhance the intensity and coverage of breast cancer screening.

Objective:To investigate the disparities in breast cancer burden and changing epidemiological trends between China and the United States(US)from 1990 to 2021 and identify the key driving factors.Methods:The Global Burden of Disease database(1990-2021)was utilized to analyze breast cancer incidence,mortality,and disability adjusted life years(DALYs)in China and the US;we also assessed the as-sociations with risk factors(e.g.,obesity and smoking)through regression models and spatiotemporal analysis.Results:China's breast can-cer age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)surged from 9.08/100,000 in 1990 to 19.36/100,000 in 2021,whereas the US ASIR declined from 44.37/100,000 to 37.49/100,000.Regarding the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),China saw a marginal reduction from 4.70/100,000 to 4.40/100,000,whereas the US experienced a significant decline from 13.03/100,000 to 9.28/100,000,narrowing the mortality gap from 2.8-fold to 2.1-fold.Key risk factors contributing to mortality and DALYs included smoking,exposure to secondhand smoke,low physical activity,high red meat and alcohol intake,elevated fasting blood glucose levels,and high body mass index.The rising cancer incidence in China is associated with the westernization of lifestyles and changes in fertility patterns,whereas the United States has achieved a dual de-cline in both incidence and mortality rates through widespread screening and control of hormone replacement therapy.Conclusions:Both the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in China rank among the highest globally,with incidence rates still increasing,indicating severe issues in prevention and control.In contrast,although the incidence rate in the US is higher than that in China,it shows a declining trend.To alleviate the growing burden of breast cancer,China must further enhance the intensity and coverage of breast cancer screening.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of viral diarrhea in Minhang District, Shanghai. Methods Random sampling on diarrhea was conducted in intestinal outpatient departments of 2 sentinel hospitals according to a certain sampling interval in Minhang District，Shanghai from 2014 to 2020. Real time PCR technology was used to detect Rotavirus, Norovirus, adenovirus, Astrovirus and Sapovirus in fecal samples. Results A total of 646 out of 1 839 stool specimenswere tested positive, and the positive rate was 35.13%.Five pathogenic viruses were detected , mostly norovirus (421 cases, 65.17%) followed by rotavirus (151 cases, 23.37%).The positive rate of norovirus was higher in the age group of 20- 69 years, and the positive rate of Rotavirus was higher in the age group of 0- 9 years. Conclusions Norovirus and rotavirus accounted for the majority of reported infection diarrhea cases in MinhangDistrict of Shanghai from 2014 to 2020, with significant seasonal peaks. Tailored prevention and control measures should be carried out, particularly in risk seasons.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) of normal youth with different test positions,to study the relationship between test positions and test parameters,and to explore the suitable test position for clinical practice.Methods Fifty healthy young volunteers (25 males,25 females,100 ears) were enrolled in this study.Two test positions were used,including sitting with the head turned away from the test (SIT) and supine with the head held straight up (SUP).The derivation rate,latency and amplitude were analyzed.Results The derivation rates of both SIT and SUP were 100％.The VEMP threshold in SIT was (93.5 ±4.3) dBnHL.The latency of P1 and N2 in SIT was longer than that in SUP,with significant different (P ＜ 0.05),the amplitude of P1-N2 in SIT was less than that in SUP,with significant different (P ＜ 0.05).Regarding to the latency of P1 and N2 in SIT,the left was longer that right,with (P =0.013) and (P =0.015) respectively.The latency in SUP between sides was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).The amplitude ratio and asymmetry in SIT were more obvious than in supine position (P =0.009 and 0.016).In SIT position the P1-N2 amplitude in males was larger than in females,with significant difference (P =0.031);In SUP position the P1-N2 amplitude in males was less than in females,with significant difference (P =0.043).Conclusion The cVEMP can be affected by the different test positions,it is recommended to select a more suitable test position according to the condition of the subject and the purpose of the test.