Background: Azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility, affecting approximately 1% of male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In azoospermia cases, sperm retrieval from the testis or epididymis through surgical procedures is used for assisted reproductive treatments. When no sperm is retrieved, recent approaches in medicine suggest using immunohistochemical methods to evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue and plan further treatments. Aim: To evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue of azoospermic patients using immunohistochemistry and compare the findings with the clinical outcomes of sperm retrieval procedures. Materials and Methods: This study included 71 azoospermic men who underwent micro-TESE procedures at the IVF center (RMC) between 2019 and 2023. The excised testicular tissues were fixed, processed histologically, and evaluated using Johnson’s score. The presence of spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules was detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, using markers such as TEX101 and LDHC. Results: Johnson’s score was categorized into three groups: poor, moderate, and good spermatogenesis. These were statistically compared with hormonal levels and surgical sperm retrieval outcomes. There were significant differences in Johnson’s scores and serum FSH and LH levels among the three groups (p < 0.005). TEX101 and LDHC proteins were strongly expressed in the good group, weakly in the moderate group, and absent in the poor group. The success rate of sperm retrieval was 100% (17/17) in the good group, 96.29% (26/27) in the moderate group, and only 29.62% (8/27) in the poor group. Conclusion Histological evaluation of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients can help predict the outcome of surgical sperm retrieval, indicating its clinical value in treatment planning.

: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq) P. Kumm) is the second cultivated and most popular edible mushroom after Agaricus bisporus in the world. The fruiting bodies of these mushrooms have high nutritional value and are beneficial for health. Pleurotus ostreatus are an interesting source of bioactive glucans and other polysaccharides. This study focuses on the isolation and structural characterization of glucans from the fruiting bodies and stems cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods: Physicochemical properties of fruiting bodies and stems cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus in Mongolia, were studied using standard methods. Glucans were extracted and purified using the precipitation method and Sevag reagent, and functional groups were determined by FT-IR. Conclusion The characteristic absorption bands of the water and alkali-soluble fractions were found near 1070, 1044, 869 and 777-769 cm-1. These IR bands are characteristic of fungal (1→3)(1→6)-β-D- glucans, and indicating these fractions are glucan-type polysaccharides

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality per 100,000 population in Mongolia is the highest in the world. The individual’s genetic factors and new genetic changes are considered an important effect on the origin and development cancer. We aimed to investigate whether p53R72P polymorphisms were associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolian patients. Material and Method: p53R72P polymorphisms were evaluated in 80 controls and 38 HCC cases using a PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: The mean age was 58.5±13.6 years in the case group and 63.2±8.1 years in the control group. Hepatocellular carcinoma is most common in 50-59 (n=14, 36.8%) and 60-69 (n=14, 36.8%) ages. Of the HCC group, 4 (10.8%) were diagnosed with tumor at stage II, 23 (62.2%) at stage III, and 11 (27%) at stage IV.
The results revealed that the heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increased statistically significant the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR=4.222, 95% CI 1.669-10.684) compared to the wildtype (R/R) genotype. (p=0.002). Moreover, the homozygous (Pro/Pro (P/P)) genotype of p53R72P increased the risk of carcinoma (OR=1.333, 95% CI 0.414-4.299) but not statistically significant. (p=0.63). Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue was associated with a statistically significant (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.274-8.57) increase in the risk of HCC (p=0.014). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype increased the risk of the carcinoma by 2.4 times (OR=2.44, 95% CI 0.865-6.908), but it was not significant. (p=0.092). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue compared to normal tissue of a case group increased the risk of cancer by 1.8 times (OR=1.833, 95% CI 0.472- 7.126), which was not statistically significant (p=0.382). Conclusion Taken together, Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolians. Further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these results.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: For the past 10 years, accidents and trauma are ranking third in the cause of Mongolian population’s death. Russian scientists have defined that skull and brain trauma comprise of 40% of the total traumas and is one of the serious injuries that have damaging effect to the health. Defining its creation, injury period, death cause in the leading direction of science of forensic medicine in our country are still the urgent issues. Nowadays little research which studied case mortality due to accident and trauma has been studied, this became background of our research work. PURPOSE OF STUDY: To study cause and peculiarity of pathology of case mortality due to brain trauma, in the condition of our country and to consider the result. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: To study the cause, some risks of head injury. To define pathology of case mortality due to head injury. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: We did retrospective study in 555 case material of an autopsy of case mortality of head injury of forensic medicine and research department of national institute of forensic science. Statistical work out was done by Microsoft excel and extensive index. RESULT OF STUDY: 84.5% (n=459) is male and 15.5% (n=86) is female out of our 555 involved cases and the gender ratio is 5:1. The most or 81% of the research participants had head injuries due to hitting with firm and dull stuffs and 15.9% head injury as a result of traffic accident follows in the second place. To analyze from the characteristics of mortality, 93% is subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural, epidural hematoma, 64% is brain tissue injury were detected. CONCLUSION: Young manhood men mortality that has head injury resulted from the firm and dull things occupies most of the percentage in our research. The head injury can lead to the mortality of his ordinary process.

IntroductionStudies on structure and function of reproductive system of experimental animal by developing coldstress model have been getting attractions from researchers. The study on changes of reproductive system of offspring from experimental animal which had cold stress has been done in recent times.GoalCold stress modeling in female experiment rats and, identifying the changes of stages of estrous cycleand reproductive hormone.Materials and MethodsIn order to identify stages of changes of reproductive hormone of experiment female rat which is model of cold stress, 90 Wistar breeding rats weight of 170-178 g were divided into following 6 groups:Non-gravid control group–15, gravid control group–15, non-gravid group for cold stress–15:15:15, gravid group for cold stress–15. Pathologic cold stress was modeled in 15:15:15 rats of non-gravid group for cold stress by putting in fridge everyday between 8 to 11 o’clock for 7:14:21 days and in 15 rats of gravid group for cold stress by putting in fridge (-150) every day between 8 to 11 o’clock for 28 to 30 days (Avcina AP(1989), Melovanov АP(1991)). Time to vaginal opening was determined to use method of Volkova OB in offspring of gravid experiment rats and control group after 2 months. After that selected 15 female offspring were put to sleep with ether and taken blood of 4-5 ml from their hearts and compared the amount of estradiol and progesterone in that blood using rat kits of Ausmausco Pharma with control group.Result Determining hormone level in blood of control group, estradiol is 4.73±0.45ng/l, progesterone is 2, 45±0,50ng/l. After a week pathologic cold stress was modeled in rats, estradiol is determined 3.93±0.70ng/l, progesterone is determined and after 2 weeks, estradiol is 4.0±0.53ng/l, progesterone is 1.97ng/l and after 3 weeks, estradiol is 3,8±0,63ng/l, progesterone is 1,94±0,09ng/l Birth weight of offspring from gravid rats with cold stress, was 1,6g (р=0,001) less than control group.Time to vaginal opening of offspring was 14 days later than control group. Determining hormone of control group offspring, estradiol is 4.53±0.51ng/l, progesterone is 2,39±0,40ng/l. Estradiol is 3.73±0,59.ng/l, progesterone is determined 1.97±0.07ng/l in offspring of gravid experiment rats.Conclusion: 1. When develop cold stress model, gravid rats had miscarriage and preterm delivery and born low birth-weight offspring in 16-22 days of experiment and this reveals that pathologic changes occurred in sexual hormonal regulation of 3 groups of non-gravid rats of experiment because of cold stress. 3. In offspring from gravid rats which had cold stress time of vaginal opening was lengthened and estradiol and progesterone level was decreased in offspring from gravid rats and

IntroductionMongolian rural population lack of access to adequate health services due to the fact that they live remotefrom urban hospitals. With the rapid spread of telemedicine in most countries, has been promoted as apromising tool to address deficiencies in delivering health care in developing countries.In late 2008 the Swiss Surgical Team (SST) started the telemedicine project MonTelNet in Mongolia incollaboration and with financial support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).GoalThis study aims at evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of such a service by reviewing 212 telepathologydiagnoses delivered to the local experts in Ulaanbaatar between January 2009 and June 2013.Materials and MethodsUnder the MonTelNet project all province (Aimag) hospitals were equipped with hardware necessaryfor practicing telemedicine, in particular with computers with digitalized microscopes and cameras. Thesoftware CampusMedicus® (CM) was developed together with Klughammer GmbH. Software and alldata and comments exchanged over the MonTelNet are stored on a central server. Each of the originaldiagnoses issued through the CM telepathology (TP) server was compared to an independent reviewdiagnosis based on the original glass slides.RESULT For 188 specimens (89.9%) the TP diagnosis were completely identical with the review diagnosison the original glass slide. 12 specimens (5.7%) showed minor discrepancies (clinically identical) and 5specimens (2.4%) showed moderate discrepancies which were not clinically relevant. four cases (1.9%)exhibited a marked discrepancy (clinically relevant) between the TP diagnosis and the review diagnosis.Three specimens were classified as “other”.DISCUSSION The results of the study show a very high accuracy of the TP diagnosis provided. The TPdiagnoses differed markedly from the review diagnoses based on the original glass slide in only 1.9%of the 212 cases. 89.9% of all cases showed complete concordance between TP and review. Thesefigures are comparable to figures from other evaluations of static image telepathology.Conclusion:1. The results of the study show a very high accuracy (94.7%) of the TP diagnosis provided. TheTP diagnoses 89.9% of all cases showed complete concordance between TP and conventionalreview.2. Problem with image selection show a different picture and occur more often in cases with markeddiscrepancies between TP and review - χ2-test shows significant correlation (p<0.001).

Background: The intraoperative smear cytology (squash preparation) is fairly accurate, simple, reliabletool for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of neurosurgical biopsies [1]. In the early 1930s, Dr Eisenhardtand Cushing introduced intraoperative cytological investigations for rapid examination of neurosurgicalspecimens and guidance of surgical treatment [2]. Besides rapid decision making during neurosurgicalprocedures, it is also to be ensured that minimum injury is caused to the normal brain structuressurrounding the intracranial neoplasm. It has become necessary for pathologists to train themselves inthe interpretation of cytomorphological features of various central nervous system lesion and used inmany neurosurgical units of all over the world [3]. Thus, to begin doing intraoperative squash cytology inour practice is the aim of this study.Aim: To study the diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis of centralnervous system tumorsMaterials and Methods: The material for this study was obtained from 30 cases of nervous systemneoplasms sent for intraoperative consultation from State Third Central Hospital, Shashtin to the thirdsection of National Center for Pathology between 7th of November 2013 to 28th of March 2014. Squashpreparation was performed on all cases and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diagnosis given onsquash cytology was then compared with final diagnosis given on paraffin-embedded sections.Results: Of total 30 cases of primary central nervous system tumors, neuroepithelial tumors are thelargest category of tumors (50%). The accuracy of squash cytology was 82.1%.Conclusion: This is the first study in our country where intra-operative squash cytology in brain tumorwas done and diagnostic accuracy was 82.1% as very good category. There were 4 cases had diagnosticdiscrepancy.

Background:Laboratory test are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Laboratory test gives 70% of information to get a right diagnosis. By some study, physiological factors such as diet, stress, exercise and sample collection techniques are influencing 32%-75% of test accuracy and reliability. That is why we want to studyhow nurses follow standard of sample collection techniques in UB.Our study conducted in 5 different hospitals. We observed nursesway of collecting sample from 150 patientsResult:Nurses did not identify patients ID in 80% of patients and did not ask test preparation and diet of 100%. They prepare necessary items to blood draw 95%. Also nurses did not fully follow blood draw standard in such way: hand sterilization, asepticize place of puncture and using bandage. Conclusion:Nurses don’t follow standard of draw blood from vein and did not clarifies patients test preparation. Pre-analysis process is the most influencing factor in the test result. So we have to train nurses to follow their standard of sample collection procedure.