Background: Dental caries is a worldwide spreader infectious decease. According to the present studies, the prevalence of the disease is highly dependent on the developmental of the country and its prevention strategies. By the World Dental Federation and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, dental caries prevalence is increasing every year in Mongolia, which is becoming one of the main problems in our country. According to studies, the most effective method of decreasing prevalence of caries is to have an oral health knowledge, provide caries treatment on early-stage and focusing more on prevention. Aim: The aim of our study was to determine the oral health status among the groups aged between 5, 12, 35-44, 65-74. Materials and Methods: The study has consisted 3512 subjects who selected from 4 age groups (5, 12, 35-44, 65-74) and from 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar city and 5 provinces of Mongolia. The oral examination of each person was done by calibrated dentists according to recommendation of WHO, 2013. The statistical analysis was processed using statistical software system (Stata version 16.0). Result: The prevalence of dental caries and mean of Decayed, Missed, Filled, permanent teeth (DMFt), decayed filled primary teeth were 87.6%, 6.2±0.14 among 5 years old, 77.0%, 2.2±0.03 among 12 years old, 98.1%, 11.8±0.19 among 35-44 years old, 99.8%, 23.6±0.27 among 65-74 years old. The good oral hygiene index was 51.5%, 46.3%, 49.0% and 65.7%. The prevalence of gingivitis was 2.3%, 9.8%, 34.5%, 17.6% and of calculus 0.8%, 7.6%, 62.8%, 31.6%, respectively above groups. The percent of people with removable dentures among 65-74 years old was higher than among 35-44 years old. Conclusion Across multiple age groups, the prevalence and severity of dental caries remain high. Oral hygiene status is predominantly classified as fair to poor. Among adults, partial or complete tooth loss is common; however, the utilization of dental prostheses is low, indicating inadequate prosthetic rehabilitation and limited adaptation to tooth replacement.

Background: Visual impairment may negatively affect children’s daily activities, educational opportunities, and hygiene practices, including their ability to maintain oral hygiene independently. Therefore, assessing the oral health status of visually impaired children is important for improving access to dental care services and developing preventive oral health programs. Aim: To compare the oral health status of visually impaired and sighted children. Materials and Methods: A total of 174 children from grades 1–12 of School No. 116 for visually impaired children and Logarithm School in Ulaanbaatar were included in this study. Oral examinations were conducted using an examination form developed according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) guidelines. The study was carried out using a descriptive cross-sectional design, and the collected data were statistically analyzed. Result: Among visually impaired children, the prevalence of dental caries was 77%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.4±3.8. Among sighted children, the prevalence of dental caries was 75.9%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.7±3.8. The prevalence of gingivitis was 18.4% in visually impaired children and 11.5% in sighted children. Oral hygiene status was predominantly classified as poor or fair among visually impaired children, whereas a good level of oral hygiene predominated among sighted children. Conclusion 1. The prevalence and severity of dental caries were similar between visually impaired and sighted children. 2. The prevalence of gingivitis was comparable between visually impaired (18.4%) and sighted children (11.5%). 3. Oral hygiene status was generally poorer among visually impaired children, while sighted children predominantly demonstrated good oral hygiene.

Background: High-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) is the reference standard for the assessment of esophageal motor function and classification of esophageal motility disorders. HREM was introduced into clinical practice in Mongolia in 2022; however, the spectrum of manometric diagnoses and factors associated with major esophageal motility disorders in this population have not been systematically characterized. Aim: To characterize major esophageal motility disorders among adults undergoing HREM and to identify clinical factors independently associated with these disorders. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 1,033 adults who underwent HREM at Intermed Hospital between September 2022 and March 2026. Manometric studies were interpreted according to the Chicago Classification version 4.0 (CCv4.0). Major esophageal motility disorders were defined as achalasia, manometric esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO), distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus, and absent contractility. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with major motility disorders. Result: Major esophageal motility disorders were identified in 112 patients (11.2%). Compared with patients with normal motility or ineffective esophageal motility, those with major motility disorders had a significantly lower mean body mass index (BMI) (24.7±4.9 vs. 27.5±4.2 kg/m; p<0.001) and a higher prevalence of dysphagia (50.5% vs. 21.3%; p<0.001) and referral for suspected esophageal motility disorders (70.5% vs. 25.2%; p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, older age per 10-year increment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–1.61), lower BMI (aOR per 1-kg/m increase, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95), dysphagia (aOR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.20–3.15), and referral for suspected motility disorders (aOR, 5.47; 95% CI, 3.22–9.31) were independently associated with major esophageal motility disorders. Conclusion 1. Major esophageal motility disorders were identified in 11.2% of adults undergoing HREM in this clinical cohort. 2. Referral for suspected motility disorders was the strongest clinical correlate, while older age, lower BMI, and dysphagia were also independently associated with major motility disorders.

Background: Children with disabilities experience long-term impairments in one or more developmental domains, including cognitive, communicative, motor, behavioral, sensory, and self-care functions, often requiring continuous support in daily life. These children are particularly vulnerable to poor oral health due to a combination of factors such as limited motor coordination, dependence on caregivers, longterm medication use, and unfavorable dietary patterns. Consequently, they are at increased risk for dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral infections. In Mongolia, oral health disparities among children with disabilities remain insufficiently explored, and evidence-based data on their treatment needs are limited. Addressing this gap is essential for planning targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Aim: To evaluate the oral health status and determine the dental treatment needs of children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 888 children with disabilities attending special education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Oral examinations were performed following ethical approval (No. 2023/3-06) from the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Dental caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT indices, and oral hygiene status was evaluated using a plaque index. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 85.5%, indicating a substantial disease burden. Caries prevalence and mean experience were 66.7% and 5.28±4.58 (dmft) in primary dentition, 86.2% and 5.23±3.75 (DMFT + dmft) in mixed dentition, and 83.6% and 5.44±4.00 (DMFT) in permanent dentition. Oral hygiene assessment showed that only 9.8% of children had good hygiene, whereas 46.3% exhibited poor oral hygiene, which was consistently associated with higher caries levels across diagnostic groups. Notably, 83.3% of children had at least one untreated decayed tooth or caries-related complication, reflecting a considerable unmet treatment need. Conclusion 1. The prevalence of dental caries among children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar was 85.5%. Specifically, during the primary dentition stage, the prevalence was 66.7% with a mean caries experience of 5.28±4.58 (dmft). In the mixed dentition stage, the prevalence increased to 86.2% with a mean caries experience of 5.23±3.75 (DMFT+dmft). During the permanent dentition stage, the prevalence was 83.6%, with a mean DMFT score of 5.44±4.00. 2. Assessment of oral hygiene status using the plaque index revealed that 9.8% of the children had “Good” oral hygiene, 43.9% had “Fair” hygiene, and 46.3% had “Poor” oral hygiene. 3. The caries profile was predominantly characterized by untreated decayed teeth, and a strong direct association was observed between dental caries and oral hygiene status. Overall, 83.3% of the children required oral healthcare services and treatment, with the highest needs observed among those with permanent dentition, males, and children with intellectual disabilities.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer cases and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Advances in molecular oncology have shown that mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene play a crucial role in diagnosis and in guiding targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, the detection of EGFR mutations is influenced by specimen type and quality, and differences may exist between bronchoscopic and surgical samples. In Mongolia, studies addressing this issue remain limited. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of detecting EGFR gene mutations in bronchoscopic and surgically obtained tissue samples from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: This prospective comparative study included 35 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, of which 19 were bronchoscopic and 16 were surgical specimens. Tumor cell content was assessed histologically, and genomic DNA was extracted from each sample. EGFR mutation analysis was performed using the cobas® EGFR Mutation Test v2 with real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0, and differences between groups were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. Results: The mean age of the participants was 64.5±10.5 years; 74% were male and 26% were female. Significant differences in tumor cell content and DNA yield were observed between specimen types. Bronchoscopic samples showed a mean tumor cell content of 34%, with sufficient DNA yield in 73.6% of cases, whereas surgical specimens demonstrated a mean tumor cell content of 93%, with adequate DNA yield in all cases. EGFR mutations were detected in 31.3% of surgical specimens (including exon 19 deletion, L858R, and T790M mutations). In bronchoscopic samples, insufficient DNA yield in some cases precluded PCR analysis, thereby limiting mutation detection. A statistically significant difference in EGFR mutation detection rates was observed between the two groups (p=0.045). Conclusions 1. Bronchoscopic samples demonstrated lower tumor cell content and DNA yield, which may limit their suitability for molecular analysis in some cases. 2. Compared to bronchoscopic samples, surgically obtained specimens provided higher-quality tissue and demonstrated a greater feasibility for EGFR mutation detection.

Background: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL), a common form of alopecia in postmenopausal women, is influenced by multiple factors. Several contributing factors have been identified in the development of FPHL, which include aging, alterations in sex steroid hormones, genetic predisposition, nutritional deficiencies, and obesity. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of FPHL among postmenopausal women and investigate its association with metabolic risk factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2026 at the National Dermatology Center, enrolling 30 postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years. Hair density was assessed using the ASL 202 Lens (Aram Huvis, South Korea). Severity of FPHL was classified according to Ludwig Classification into grades I–III. Results: The average age and BMI were 55.63±3.55 years and 27.85±4.3 kg/m², respectively. Severity of FPHL by Ludwig grades I, II, and III was 56.7% (n=17), 40% (n=12), and 3.3% (n=1), respectively. The average BMI and fasting glucose level were significantly higher in the grade I group, compared to grades II and III (p=0.001). According to Spearman’s correlation analysis, a negative correlation was observed between BMI and hair density (r=-0.53, p=0.003). Linear regression analysis revealed that BMI (β coefficient 0.413; 95% CI: 0.007, 0.09; p=0.023) and fasting glucose level (β coefficient 0.458; 95% CI: 0.028, 0.2; p=0.011) were significantly associated with FPHL. Conclusion Among postmenopausal women, grade I female pattern hair loss was the most prevalent type, and elevated BMI and fasting glucose level might be associated with increased severity of FPHL.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disorder of the hair follicle that predominantly affects areas rich in apocrine sweat glands, such as the axillae and groin. Clinically, it is characterized by painful nodules, abscess formation, sinus tract development, and scarring. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical findings; however, due to limited awareness of the disease, it is often diagnosed at a late stage. Misdiagnosis and inappropriate management are common, leading to chronic disease progression. Consequently, HS significantly impairs quality of life through reduced work capacity, psychological distress, and social isolation. Disease severity is commonly assessed using the Hurley staging system and the Sartorius scoring system. We present a rare case of hidradenitis suppurativa encountered in dermatological practice. Case presentation A 35-year-old male patient (initials L.B.) presented with recurrent, painful lesions in both axillary regions associated with purulent discharge. The condition had persisted over a prolonged period with repeated exacerbations. The patient had attempted self-treatment at home without improvement and was subsequently admitted to the Department of Dermatology at the National Center for Dermatology with a diagnosis of DS: L73.2 (hidradenitis suppurativa). The patient was treated with systemic antibiotics (doxycycline and cefazolin), retinoids, supportive therapy, and topical treatment. In addition, intralesional triamcinolone injections were administered into active nodules, which proved effective in rapidly reducing inflammation, pain, and purulent discharge.

Introduction: Occupational diseases remain a significant public health concern, especially among workers exposed to hazardous environments such as the railway sector. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed using three official data sources, including national and institutional registries. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of “Ach” Medical University. Results: A total of 29 occupational disease cases were registered during the study period, of which 86.1% were male workers. The highest prevalence was observed in the 40–59 age group. Neurological disorders (51.7%) were the most common, followed by respiratory diseases and ear, nose, and throat disorders. A sharp increase in cases was observed in 2024, likely associated with improved detection and reporting systems. Conclusion:
1. The relatively high prevalence of occupational diseases among male workers aged 40 59 suggests a strong association with occupational conditions and workplace risk factors, indicating that prolonged exposure to hazardous working environments increases the risk of developing occupational diseases.
2. The relatively frequent occurrence of occupational diseases among locomotive drivers and repair workers is associated with physical, chemical, and ergonomic workplace risk factors.
3. The structure of occupational diseases is predominantly characterized by neurological disorders, respiratory diseases, ear, nose, and throat diseases, and occupational poisoning.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, with HPV genotypes 16 and 18 classified as high-risk types. In Mongolia, HPV testing has been increasingly implemented in recent years, alongside updates to the national screening program. These developments highlight the need for additional testing approaches to encourage regular participation in the national screening program, improve diagnostic accuracy, and facilitate timely treatment planning. These considerations provided the rationale for this study. Aim: To detect HPV infection in cervical samples collected by healthcare professionals and vaginal samples self-collected by women, determine the concordance between the test results, and evaluate the feasibility of self-sampling for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A total of 206 women aged 25–68 years participated in the study. Two types of samples for HPV testing and one sample for PAP smear were collected from the participants. 14 high-risk of HPV genotypes were classified into three groups, and cytological findings were evaluated according to the 2014 Bethesda System. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 30.0. Results: The concordance between the two sampling methods for HPV detection kappa was 0.949. High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 50 women (35.2%) among the participants with available test results. Cytological abnormalities were identified in 51% of women who tested positive for HPV. Conclusion Self-sampling is a reliable method for HPV detection, demonstrating good concordance with healthcare professional-collected cervical samples. It has considerable potential to increase cervical cancer screening coverage and improve access to screening, particularly in geographically remote areas.

Background: A rare angioproliferative condition of the larynx, Kaposhi sarcoma typically affects the skin. Immunosuppressive treatment following organ transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection are the causes. Every type of Kaposi sarcoma has human herpesvirus-8. Laryngeal kaposi sarcoma is uncommon in immunocompromised patients; since its initial identification in 1965, 18 cases have been documented globally. A CO2 laser-assisted laryngeal microsurgery is performed through the mouth cavity to remove tumor when kaposi sarcoma of the larynx obstructs the airway. Case report: A 77-year-old woman complained of hoarseness, dry mouth, odynophagia, and dysphagia three months prior when she arrived at the Mongolian-Japan Hospital. Two years ago, she acquired hard, sensitive lumps that were palpable on her right arm, left ankle, and right thigh. At that time, she was diagnosed with Kaposiform hemangiodermatitis and treated at the National Center for Dermatology. HIV test results were negative. Immunohistochemistry: CD31 +/-, CD34 /+/. Using flexible nasopharyngeal endoscopy to get the diagnosis: There was a mass that was about 1.5–2–5 cm in diameter, bluish in color, smooth and movable, and spongy and vascular on the larynx, on the nasopharynx, behind the palatine tonsills, and supraglottic. Surgery: Through the use of Kleinsasser laryngoscopy and a 0-degree endoscope, pathological tissues were extracted under general anesthesia using a laryngeal microsurgical instrument and a laparoscopic bipolar coagulator. The tissues were then sent for histological evaluation, which revealed Kaposi sarcoma, sarcoma grade 1. Results of treatment Pain decreased and quality of life increased following surgery. Upon nasopharyngeal endoscopy, the vocal cord mobility was normal and the surgical incision was clean. Conclusion: Kaposi sarcoma is an extremely uncommon illness. A lower quality of life and further issues can be avoided with an early diagnosis and suitable therapy. It also needs to be continuously monitored because it is a potentially repeatable disease.