Introduction: Considering that the population density, social stress and frustrations, environmental and air pollution, and diseases directly related to unhealthy lifestyle are high, it is necessary to ensure the protection and support of public health, and to improve the quality and accessibility of localized healthcare services evenly, which in turn must meet the satisfaction of clients and professionals.
Statistical data indicates that between 2022-2023, a total of 2595 pharmacies operated in Mongolia, including 268 (10.3%) first-level pharmacies, 2178 (83.9%) second-level pharmacies, and 149 (5.7%) circulating pharmacies. In the first quarter of 2024, a total of 2916 pharmacies are active, comprising 249 (8.5%) first-level, 2531 (86.8%) second-level, and 136 (4.5%) circulating pharmacies. Based on these statistical figures, the number of pharmacies has been increasing year by year, making it necessary to study the satisfaction levels of professionals and clients. Methods: The satisfaction survey of pharmacy customers and pharmaceutical professionals was conducted using a single-stage sampling method. The sample size was calculated considering the representativeness of the population using the Surveysystem calculator and proportional allocation methods with a table for accurate estimation. Data collection was carried out between the second quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2025, using two types of questionnaires based on the SERVQUAL model, with five likert-scale measures, along with informed consent forms.
The survey was conducted among pharmacy staff and customers in Ulaanbaatar districts: Bayangol, Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Nalaikh, Sukhbaatar, Chingeltei, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, and Bayanzurkh, using random sampling methods. Data processing was performed with microsoft excel and spss 25.0.
A total of 1381 participants were involved, including n=997 pharmacists and n=384 customers from nine districts of Ulaanbaatar, to evaluate and analyze satisfaction levels. The findings are as follows: Among the customers who participated in the survey, 45.8% (176) were male and 54.2% (208) were female. A total of (n=384) customers took part in the study, of whom 67.7% (260) reported being satisfied with the pharmacy services the highest proportion in the dataset. Examining satisfaction by age group showed that customers under 25 years old (94) and those aged 26–35 (70) were satisfied with the services.
In the survey on job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals, 11.9% (124) of respondents were male and 83.9% (873) were female. When evaluating the job satisfaction of professionals across districts (n=997), no major differences were observed between districts. However, the proportion of respondents who reported being “Very satisfied” and “Satisfied” were relatively higher in the following districts: Bayangol at 10.3% (103), Khan-Uul at 7.9% (79), Bayanzurkh at 11.1% (111), Sukhbaatar at 7.02% (70), and Songinokhairkhan at 8.4% (84). By age group, the highest levels of job satisfaction were seen among professionals aged 26–35 (52.4%, 230) and 36–45 (55.2%, 112). Conclusion
1. Among the 384 clients involved in the study, 67.7% (n=260) were satisfied with the pharmacy services, assistance, and environment.
2. When assessing the job satisfaction of pharmacists, 77.4% (n=772) of the 997 pharmacists across 9 districts reported being confident in their career choice and “Satisfied” or “Very satisfied”.

Background: The global urgency for environmentally friendly technologies has steadily intensified, and as a result, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties derived from medicinal plants traditionally used to combat bacterial infections has garnered significant interest. Goals: This research endeavors to synthesize silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants, widely recognized in traditional medicine, while elucidating their physical, chemical attributes, and biological potential. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics of these silver nanoparticles, synthesized through phytosynthesis, were meticulously examined via various analytical techniques. Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometry (UV/Vis), Photon Cross Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Crystallography (XRD) were employed for comprehensive analysis. Additionally, their antitumor efficacy was assessed via MTT assay utilizing RAW264.7 cell cultures, while antibacterial properties were evaluated through agar diffusion tests against selected bacterial strains. Results: Silver nanoparticles exhibited distinctive UV/Vis absorption peaks at 407-426 nm, affirming their composition. PCCS measurements revealed nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters spanning from ~100 nm to ~450 nm, while AFM imaging showcased spherical nanoparticles ranging from ~35 nm to ~97 nm. Crystallography analysis identified both simple cubic and polycrystalline structures. FTIR analysis unveiled the presence of organic compounds adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surfaces, in addition to silver bonds. Notably, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Banzdo plants demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of RAW264.7 cell growth via the MTT assay. Furthermore, the silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against a range of test bacteria with inhibition zones spanning 1-4 mm. Conclusion This study successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles utilizing Jidanga and Banzdo plants from traditional medicine, comprehensively characterizing their physicochemical attributes and demonstrating their biological activity. These findings hold promise for the future utilization of phytosynthetically derived silver nanoparticles.

Introduction: During many decides, compounds derived from natural raw materials have demonstrated their effectiveness as therapeutic agents in different areas, such as metabolic disorder, immune system diseases and its regulations. Natural based products, like herbal medicines and minerals are implicated in the regulation of immune function. They control the immune system in a pleiotropic manner and participate in various processes of the adaptive/innate immunity. Therefore, natural raw material has great potential for targeted immune modulators, in the treatment of certain types of immunologic and inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis and immune deficiency. The purpose of this survey was to study influence of “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” combined shot preparation named by Vitos on immune system in the experimental and preclinical circumstances. Goal: The purpose of this survey was to study influence of “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” Vitos shot preparation on immune system in the experimental and preclinical circumstances. Material and Methods: The immune deficiency was to created by Azathioprine through 5 days in the Balb/c mice after that control group, preparation of “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” Vitos shot were administrated appropriate doses by oral during 10 days. Then we collected blood and quantified amount of CD4+, CD8+, IgG and CD64 (Mouse Elisa Kit Assay: Catalog.No:WAM-568, Elisa Reader, 450 нм, Melsin Medical Co.LTD, www. melsin.com) on the 5^th, 10^th days. Results: All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY). Oneway ANOVA was used to assess statistical significance between “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” Vitos shot group and days of observation. Mean values of CD4+, CD8+, CD4/CD8 ratio, IgG, CD64 levels determined in the control and sample group. CD4+, CD8+, CD4/CD8 ratio, IgG and CD64 levels were significantly increased in the “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” Vitos shot group compared with control group by 20.8-67.8 per cent (p<0.05, p<0.01). Conclusion It’s concluded that, “Shilajit +Golden Rosa” Vitos shot preparation shows immune-stimulator activity not only in the level of cellular (T cells:CD4+, CD8+) but also humoral immunity (B cells: IgG, CD64) in the previously using Azathioprine (75mg/kg) to provoke pathological model of immunosuppression

Abstract: Burn injury causes considerable incidence of disability, increase of hospitalization and rehabilitation. It is a crucial factor of morbidity and mortality, throughout the world, especially in the developing countries. Burn wound healing is a complex process including inflammation, granulation, and regeneration of the skin tissue. There are many animal and mineral derived agents applied for burn wounds treatment. For example, minerals and animal yellow marrow are applied as standard topical therapy in healing of burn wounds in the history. Specially, Mongolian camel’s (Camelus Bactrianus) yellow marrow and cinders have been used the healing effect standard topical antimicrobial for burn wounds for several centuries. The present study aimed to determine the healing effect of “CIBO” ointment with animal and mineral raw materials on third -degree burn wound in rats. Introduction: In our study, we selected an ointment containing a combination of yellow marrow and cinder. In ancient times, Mongolians used camel yellow marrow to relieve joint pain, spread people who had been bedridden for a long time due to the disease, and to prevent caries, and to use it on open wounds. In traditional medicine, cinder has been used as a mineral raw material and has been used to treat frostbite and burns. Material and methods: In the Vivar Department of the Pharmacology Sector of the Drug research institute, 18 Wistar white rats weighing 182-220 g fed in one environment for (12 hours a day/12 hour a night) were randomly selected and divided into the following groups. These are: negative control, Group 1 “Yellow marrow + Uvs black cinder”, Group 2 “Yellow marrow + Uvs brown red cinder”, Group 3 “Yellow marrow + Chinese red cinder”, Group 4 “Yellow marrow + Chinese white cinder”, Standard “Mebo” wound ointment. The wound area was prepared by scraping the hair 5 cm from the back of the test animal’s skull. The prepared area was sterilized with 70% ethanol and 10% iodine solution, resulting in a third-degree burn wound of 2.4 cm2. Wound experiential’s ointments were applied once daily for a total of 28 days, and wound healing was evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after pathogenesis, with 16.1-pixel accuracy. Photo confirmed using a SONY brand camera. Result: “CIBO” ointment contains four deferent cinders which are from collected from deferent area and that have been shown to good affect burn wounds, and is more compatible with yellow marrow than Group 4 (Yellow marrow+Chinese white cinder).
Wound healing variables of control group compared with group 4 (Yellow marrow + Chinese white cinder) increased by 11.1% on the 3th day, 4% on the 7th day, 44.8% on the 14th day, and 54.5% on the 21st day. On the 28th day, healing and regeneration were accelerated by 50%. Conclusion The group 4 (Yellow marrow + Chinese white cinder) has been shown to have a pharmacological action of rapid healing and regeneration of burn wounds caused by experimental rats. It has also been shown to have pharmacological action to regenerate skin tissue and suppress inflammation caused by burns. Inclusion of Chinese white cinder in “CIBO” ointment promotes regeneration and healing of “CIBO” ointment.

Introduction: In Mongolia, there is opportunity to replace importing products by using raw materials based on the animal and minerals. Those products can be used for medical purposes.
In traditional medicine, yellow marrow has been widely used to treat burns and mechanical wounds, as well as frozen and open wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacological action of “CIBO” ointment. We created a model of mechanical wound to evaluate the healing of wounds and its index after applying the ointment contains the above mentioned raw materials. Material and methods: Four different groups of “CIBO” ointment was prepared in the technology sector of the Drug Research Institute. Mebo wound ointment was used for comparison as control. The study was con- ducted in the Pharmacology Sector of the Drug Research Institute on white rats of the WISTAR breed under one feeding regime and one condition (12h / 12h). Mechanical wound injury and exposure to open wounds in experimental rats and its size were measured on the 3^rd, 7^th, 14^th, 21^st, and 28^th days of treatment. Wound healing, morphology, structure, size, and its index was quan- tified based on the defects. The ointment were applied once a day during the treatment period of 28 days to cover the wound. Result: Mechanical wound showed that study treatment group healed 0-6.2% on the 3^rd day, 21.4-35.7% on the 7^th day, 50-60% on the 14^th day, and 33.3-50% on the 21^st day separately compared with the untreated group. On the 28^th day, all the groups were decreased by 66.6%. The wound index was between from 0.002 to 0.0005 in the all experimental groups. Among experimented groups, the group consists of yellow marrow and Chinese white cinder was showed better performance than other groups. Conclusion The study group 4 (Yellow marrow + Chinese white cinder) has been showed to have a pharmacological action of rapid healing and regeneration of burn wounds caused by experimental rats. It has also been shown to have pharmacological action to regenerate skin tissue and suppress caused by mechanicals. Inclusion of Chinese white cinder in “CIBO” ointment promotes regener ation and healing of “CIBO” ointment.

Abstract: CHUN-7 a Mongolian traditional recipe consisting of 7 medicinal plants is described in the scripture named “༆༆ །།གཡུ་ཐོག་པའི་མཛད་པའི་རིམས སྲུང་ཁྱུ་ལྔ་རྒྱམ་ཏོན་གསལ་བ །།”. The ingredients including Caowu (Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii, CW) and Glehniae Radix (GR) have the effects of suppressing pneumonia, viral pneumonia, relieving pain, stimulating the immune system and reducing fever. The present study was aimed to determine acute and chronic toxicity properties of traditional drug. Materials and methods: CHUN 7 traditional drug were prepared in the traditional medicine sector of the Drug research Institute of Monos group. All WISTAR rats were kept in the same feed, under 12 hours lighting and 12 hours darkness housing. The study of acute and chronic toxicity of CHUN-7 traditional drug was studied by using IP and oral administration were performed on ten WISTAR rats and continued for a total of 28 days with 102.9 mg / kg dose (calculated from human dose: 16.7 mg/kg) in accordance with the WHO General Guidelines for the Evaluation and Study of Traditional Medicine. Results: The result showed no structural changes in the internal organs according to tissue morphology when we administrated CHUN-7 traditional drug. Conclusion This study showed CHUN-7 traditional drug has no toxic effects to internal organs including liver, kidney, stomach, lungs and heart. Therefore, CHUN-7 traditional drug has potential to use orally without any toxicology.

Introduction: Over 800,000 people in the world contract HCC each year and approximately 700,000 die from the disease. HCC is the 6th most common cancer in the world. HCC is the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. 2/3 of liver cancer deaths are caused by hepatitis. In the U.S, HCV infection is the more common cause of HCC, while in Asia and Africa, HBV is more common. Mongolia ranks first in the world in mortality from liver cancer, indicating the need for early detection and treatment of cirrhosis. Sysmex Corporation has introduced for HISCL series analyser, a new cirrhosis marker M2BPGi of non-invasive, blood-testing. In 2016, the test was introduced at Medipas Hospital in Orkhon province. It is possible to study the advantages and significance of the marker for use in clinical practice. Materials and methods: From a total of 385 patients who underwent M2BPGi marker testing in 2016-2017Medipas hospital laboratory, data from a total of 283 patients tested for hepatitis B and C virus and M2BRGi markers were selected. A comparison of age, sex, and test parameters of a total of HCVab and HBsAg positive 172 patients tested for Total bilirubin, GPT, GOT, GGT, AFP and M2BPGi. HCV Ab, HBsAg, AFP, M2BPGi markers were analyzed by SysmexHISCL-5000 fully automated immunological analyzer, Liver function tests were performed with a fully automatic biochemical analyzer JEOL Biomajesty BM6010/C. Results: Of the M2BPGi marker tested 283 patients 94 (33%) were infected with the C virus, 78 (28%) were with the B virus,11 (4%) were co-infected with B and C viruses, 100 (35%) no any viral infection. Of the 172 patients diagnosed with hepatitis B and C virus infection, 97 (56%) were male, 75 (44%) were female. In terms of age, 72% of the population is over 45 years old.
Of the 172 patients, 115 (67%) had M2BPGi marker abnormal or > 1.0 COI. Of the M2BPGi marker abnormal patients, 47 (41%) were infected with the B virus and 68 (59%) with the C virus. In terms of age, 27.7% of hepatitis B patients and 10.3% of hepatitis C patients were under 45 years of age, 72.3% of hepatitis B patients and 89.7% of hepatitis C virus patients were over 45 years of age.
Hepatitis B and C viruses are slightly more common in men than in women. The majority of patients infected with the hepatitis virus over the age of 45. The majority of patients with hepatitis virus have abnormal liver function. Increased M2BPGi markers in people under the age of 45 with hepatitis B virus infection are relatively higher for hepatitis B virus infection than for C virus infection. Conclusions The M2BPGi marker was abnormal in 67% of hepatitis virus infected patients. It has been observed that the probability of an increase in M2BPGi marker is slightly higher in hepatitis C virus infection than in hepatitis B virus infection.

Introduction: The Mongolian people have been using traditional medicine for hundreds of years. However, there is a need to produce traditional medicinal dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, decoctions easier to drink, store and transport, and to standardize not only finished product, but the raw materials used for traditional medicines in line with the current drug production, drug quality and safety requirements. Therefore, in this study, we aim to standardize five ingredients of a traditional powder medicine, which have been widely used for colds and flu in Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine practice, and to convert the powder drug into tablet form using qualified raw materials. Materials and Methods: The study to convert multi-ingredient traditional powder into tablet was carried out at the Experimental production pharmaceutical technology unit and Pharmaceutical chemistry Laboratory of the Drug research institute, Monos Group, and the Quality control laboratory of medicine of Monos Pharm LLC. Result All raw materials were standardized and wet granulation method was used to prepare granules for the tableting with qualified raw materials. 4 different models of the tablet form was prepared and investigated. It was determined that model X-2 fully meets the general requirements for the tablet form.

Introduction: Carthamus tinctorius L. widely accepted as Safflower or false saffron, belongs to the Compositae or Asteraceae family. Hydroxysafflor yellow A is the main active chemical compound present in florets of Carthamus tinctorius L. A joint research team of the “Tsombo Pharm” Co., LTD and the Drug research Institute is conducting an experiment to produce a solution of “Carthamus tinctorius” injection prepared by Carthamus tinctorius L. Goal : The aim of this study was to develop the validation method of hydroxysafflor yellow A in “Carthamus tinctorius” injection. Material and Methods : As a test sample “Carthamus tinctorius” injection was produced by “Tsombo pharma” Co., LTD. The standard Hydroxysafflor yellow A was supplied from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. The reagent were high-performance liquid chromatography grade acetonitrile, phosphoric acid, methanol and purified water.
Shimadzu HPLC (CMB-20 A, UV detector Shimadzu SPD-20A was used as the analytical instrument and the analysis conditions were as follows Table 1. Results: A Shimpack С18 column was used with methanol:acetonitrile:0.7% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase under the condition of gradient elution. The hydroxysafflor yellow A were analyzed by using a timed wavelength measure according to their maximum absorption wavelength. Accuracy and precision were assessed by analyzing five sets of samples, independently prepared at low (50%) middle (100%) and high (150%) concentrations. The intraday and interday precisions of the investigated compound were less than 1.59 % and the average recoveries ranged from 81.9% to 101.5%.
There were good linear correlations between the concentrations of the hydroxysafflor yellow A and its chromatographic peak areas (R2 = 0.998), the proposed method was successfully applied to determine the hydroxysafflor yellow A in “Carthamus tinctorius” injection. Conclusions The results indicated that the proposed method is simple, stable, and accurate and could be readily utilized as a quality control method for manufacturing process of “Carthamus tinctorius” injection.