Introduction: Hearing loss is an important public health issue that negatively affects children’s speech, cognitive development, academic performance, and social interaction. Even mild hearing impairment may lead to adverse developmental outcomes. However, data on hearing loss among primary school children in Mongolia remain limited. Goals: To determine the prevalence, type, and severity of hearing loss among primary school students in Ulaanbaatar and to assess associated socio-demographic factors. Material and Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,254 primary school students. Hearing screening was performed using pure-tone audiometry following a standardized protocol. Students who failed the screening were referred for confirmatory diagnostic audiometry. Hearing loss was classified as mild (21–35 dB), moderate (36–50 dB), and severe (≥50 dB). Socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis data were analyzed using RStudio software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics. Associations between hearing loss and independent variables were examined using chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. Variables with p<0.20 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression model. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2024/3 06). Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent was obtained from participating students prior to data collection. Results: Of the 1,254 students, 116 (9.2%) required further evaluation, and hearing loss was confirmed in 23 students (1.8%). Most cases were mild in severity. Paternal education level was significantly associated with hearing loss (p=0.028), whereas no significant associations were observed for sex or household income. Conclusion The prevalence of hearing loss among primary school students in Ulaanbaatar was 1.8%, with most cases being mild and unilateral. These findings highlight the importance of implementing regular school-based hearing screening programs and improving parental awareness of children’s hearing health.

Introduction: Hearing loss adversely impacts communication, cognitive function, and quality of life, yet early detection among adults remains inadequate. Despite the availability of portable, cost effective tablet-based audiometric screening tools, national-level prevalence data on adult hearing loss in Mongolia are scarce, and no large-scale screening studies in primary health care settings have been conducted to date. Goal: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of screen-detected hearing loss among adults in Ulaanbaatar, evaluate its association with age and test frequency, and identify associated factors. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at primary health care clinics across nine districts of Ulaanbaatar (2024–2025), enrolling 2,335 adults (≥18 years). Hearing screening was performed using the MAICO easyTone device with DD65 v2A headphones at 500–6000 Hz (30 dB HL at 500 Hz; 20 dB HL at remaining frequencies), with ambient noise monitored per ANSI S3.1-2008. Each ear was classified as Pass or Refer at each frequency. Outcomes included screen-detected hearing loss (SD-HL), speech-frequency hearing loss (SD SFHL, 500–2000 Hz), and high-frequency hearing loss (SD-HFHL, 4000–6000 Hz), each categorized as bilateral or unilateral. Associated factors were assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: SD-HL was identified in 37.2% of participants (bilateral: 31.5%; unilateral: 5.7%), SD-SFHL in 30.6%, and SD-HFHL in 36.3%. Prevalence increased markedly with age, from 29.9% (40–49 years) to 96.6% (≥70 years) (p<0.001). On multivariable logistic regression, male sex was inversely associated with a positive screening result (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.42–0.99, p=0.049). Conclusion The findings of this study confirm that the MAICO easyTone tablet-based hearing screening device is a feasible and appropriate tool for the early detection of hearing loss among adults in routine primary health care settings in Ulaanbaatar. The high prevalence of screening-detected hearing loss underscores the urgent need to establish adult hearing screening programs in Mongolia. Future studies should include standard audiometric confirmation in participants with positive screening results to determine the diagnostic validity of this hearing screening approach.

Background: An estimated 99% of the global population lives in environments where PM2.5 levels exceed the WHO air quality guideline of 15 μg/m³. In 2018, air pollution contributed to approximately 4.2 million deaths worldwide. In Mongolia, air pollution—particularly in urban centers like Ulaanbaatar, worsens significantly during the winter season, posing a serious public health and local concern. Therefore, it is compulsory to compare the outdoor air quality in Ulaanbaatar, the capital and Darkhan city. Aim: To assess and compare the outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan during the winter season. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan from December 10, 2024, to February 19, 2025. A total of 60 PurpleAir Classic+ sensors (30 per city) were installed to assess PM2.5 concentrations at 2-minute intervals. We analyzed collected data using R software. The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations were compared with both the Mongolian National Air Quality Standard (MNS4585:2016) and the WHO air quality guidelines (2021). Results: The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration in Ulaanbaatar was 112.3±62.2 μg/m³, which was significantly higher than that in Darkhan (79.2±25.6 μg/m³; p<0.05). In Ulaanbaatar, the monthly averages were 119.9±67.7 μg/m³ (Decem ber), 113.5±60.8 μg/m³ (January), and 95.0±51.9 μg/m³ (February) respectively (p<0.05). In contrast, Darkhan city’s monthly average PM2.5 remained relatively close across the months: 79.1±22.2 μg/m³ (December), 78.7±28.6 μg/m³ (January), and 84.6±30.0 μg/m³ (February), with no statistical significance (p>0.05). During the study period, the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the MNS4585:2016 (50 μg/m³) in 69.8% of days in Ulaanbaatar and 64.6% in Darkhan. WHO’s guideline of 15 μg/m³ was exceeded 93.4% of the time in both cities. Conclusion Darkhan city has lower PM2.5 concentrations compared to Ulaanbaatar, both cities significantly exceeded MNS4585:2016 standard and the WHO air quality guidelines (2021) during the winter months.

Background: In Mongolia, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and their intermediate risk factors has continuously increased in recent years. From results of early detection and prevalence studies of non-communicable diseases in Mongolia, studies linking intermediate risk factors to insulin resistance are scarce. Aim: To identify the prevalence of insulin resistance among the population and study its connection with intermediate risk factors of non-communicable diseases. Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the MNUMS Ethics Committee on February 23, 2024 (2024/3- 02), and was conducted based on the data of participants who took part in the “Population-based Preventive and Early Detection Screening of Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases” organized by the Mongolian government from 2022 to 2023. Insulin resistance was identified using the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), calculated by the formula Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL) / 2]. “Ln” refers to the natural logarithm, based on Euler’s number, approximately 2.71828. TyG levels were classified into low risk (<8.5), medium risk (8.5-9.0), and high risk (>9.0). Defined intermediate risk factors for non-communicable diseases according to stages of hypertension and diabetes. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.3±15.2 years, with 39.2% (n=49,270) male and 41.4% (n=49,749) residing in urban areas. Among the participants, 59.1% had overweight or obesity, 23.6% had diabetes or impaired fasting glucose, 61.4% had hypertension, and 19.7% had elevated triglycerides. Analyzing by levels of insulin resistance risk, 62.8% of the population had low risk, 22.5% medium risk, and 14.7% high risk. Comparing systolic blood pressure across levels of insulin resistance risk showed that even without central obesity or diabetes, as the level of insulin resistance increased, the level of systolic blood pressure also increased (low risk group: 117.0±11.7, medium risk group: 121.1±10.9, high risk group: 123.5±16.2 mmHg). Regression analysis of the risk of hypertension by insulin resistance risk level showed that the risk increased with higher levels of insulin resistance (medium risk group OR=1.35, p<0.0001; high risk group OR=1.63, p<0.0001). Conclusion 22.5% of the population is at medium risk and 14.7% at high risk of insulin resistance. The increase in hypertension risk with higher insulin resistance levels is statistically significant, independent of central obesity and diabetes stages.

Background: Obesity and metabolic disorders are significant contributors to hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). While body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are known to be associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), the interplay between adiposity, glucose levels, triglycerides, and SBP is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the relationships between BMI, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, and SBP in a large population-based cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on [insert total number] participants with complete data on BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, mediation analysis, and multiple regression were used to explore the associations between variables. The moderation effect of glucose on the BMI-SBP relationship was examined using an interaction term in the regression model. Results: The mean age of the study population was 44.3 ± 15.2 years. The mean BMI was 26.7 ± 4.9 kg/m², and 22.7% of participants were classified as obese. Central obesity, measured by waist circumference, was prevalent in 55.9% of the population. BMI, waist circumference, glucose, and triglycerides were significantly associated with SBP (p < 0.0001). Mediation analysis showed that waist circumference partially mediated the effect of BMI on SBP. The interaction term for BMI and glucose was significant (β = 0.32, p < 0.05), indicating that glucose levels moderated the relationship between BMI and SBP, with higher glucose levels amplifying the hypertensive effect of BMI. Conclusion This study highlights the complex interplay between BMI, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides, and SBP. Waist circumference partially mediates the effect of BMI on SBP, and glucose levels moderate this relationship, amplifying the impact of obesity on blood pressure.

Background: Retinal pathologic features are associated with inflammatory processes and endothelial dysfunction, leading to circulatory abnormalities and reduced vascular reactivity. Both retinopathy and nephropathy involve thickening of basement membrane and muscular layers and increased leakage. These pathologic and hemodynamic abnormalities may occur throughout the body and their effects on the retinal vasculature may be useful indicators of cumulative microvascular damage from hypertension, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and other processes. Type 2 MPGN is an uncommon renal condition associated with electron dense deposits in the lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane with C3 found in the capillary loops and mesangium. The deposits in the basement membrane can lead to a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier by interfering with the RPE layer, and type 2 MPGN has been described in association with central serous retinopathy. Purpose: To assess the retinal findings in end stage of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetic renal failure Methods: Data of diabetic renal failure (n=20, mean age 56.8±11.6), and end stage of CKD(n=83, mean age 48.2± 11.6) were cross-sectional analyzed. Nonmydriatic fundus photographs of the disc and macula in both eyes were obtained in all the subjects. The photographs were assessed by ophthalmologist using the standard protocols. The following parameters were recorded: BCVA, IOP, BP GFR, serum Creatinine, ophthalmic and fundus examination. Results: Greater severity of retinopathy was associated with DM. The presence of vascular abnormalities usually associated with Diabetes Mellitus ( DM) and was not associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. All of patients with DM (n=20, 100%) ,they have Diabetic retinopathy. We found sight direct relationship between retinal posterior pole deposit with CKD patients. Some of patients who have end stage of CKD, (n=18, 11%) they have retinal deposit on their posterior pole. Conclusion Our findings show ,In participants with end stage of CKD, there was no significant severe retinopathy. In summary, our study demonstrates that DM, is one of the leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Every patients with DM need the ophthalmic follow up examination in every six months.

Introduction: In 2018, the overall colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rate was 3.6%, according to the National Cancer Center of Mongolia (NCCM), and the incidence of colorectal cancer has increased slightly in recent years. According to cancer stages, late stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 51%, while early stage cancer has a 5-year survival rate of 79%. The overall survival rate of colorectal cancer in Mongolia has not been studied in precisely. In Asia, the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer was 60%. Therefore, this study investigated the colorectal cancer survival rate and prognostic factors at NCCM. Methods: A total of 108 patients diagnosed with CRC at NCCM’s General Surgery Department from 2013 to 2015 were used in this retrospective cohort study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to develop the survival graphs, which were then compared using the Log-rank test. Results: The median survival time was 42 months, with a 95% CI (38.55-45.66). A 5-year period, the overall survival rate for CRC was 61.2%. Survival rates at the I, II, III, and IV stages were 100%, 75%, 65.4%, and 13.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in CRC survival rates across all stages (p=0.0001). There was a statistically significant difference in determining the relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and survival rate (p=0.0003). Conclusion The outcome of the surgery is determined by the CRC stage. The postoperative survival rate (61.2%) is directly related to tumor stage, peripheral glandular metastasis, distant metastasis, and chemotherapy effects.

Regardless the possession of any graduation and qualifications anywhere in order to train the doctors and medical professionals with the capabilities to work in any places there are the needs of the knowledgeable mentors to teach their knowledge, abilities and trends to the students in national, regional and international levels. This survey was started to determine the needs of the skills development of the mentors of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences under the mission to make it as one of the best 100 medical universities in the Asia-Pacific region and in order to create the favorable environment to accelerate the development of the university and creating a team consists from qualified mentors and researchers by improving the trainings, researches and clinical favorable environment including the quality improvement of the activities.The total of 333 mentors from the 5 structures and 3 branches of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were surveyed to be developed by the University of Michigan including the use of the widely used questionnaires in the universities consisting from 7 groups and 81 questions to determine the needs of the mentors.The working range of the best medical mentors including their needs of the skills was studied. The 55.7% (50.4-61.0%) of the mentors included in the survey were told that the facilitation of the learning needed, 82.4% (78.3-86.5%) as the role models needed, 79.9% (75.6-84.2%) as the provision of the information is needed, 76.3% (71.7-80.9%) as 82.8% (78.8-86.9%) as the planning needed and 81.0% (76.8-85.2%) as the assessment of the training is needed.There is a need to develop the skills related to the 6 frameworks as the learning facilitation for the mentors, role model providers, information providers, resource developers, planners and assessors.

BackgroundIn accordance with WHO investigation, most of the mental disorders onset in childhood and 20 percentof children (1 of fi ve) with mental and behavioral disorder currently. In 2005, by assessment of mentalhealth system in Mongolia (WHO-AIMS) it was concluded that special attention needs to be given todevelop professional competence and services in the area of child and adolescents mental health so itis a reason of the this study.AimTo early identify common emotional and behavioral problems among children and identify risk factorsfor itMethodsThe study was randomly selected 3500 child aged between from 4 to 17 years in 5 districts of Ulaanbaatarcity and 46 soums of 11 aimags of Mongolia.A main tool is Strengths and Diffi culties Questionnaire (SDQ) and included the 25-item child andparent versions were used to record each informant’s perception of four problem domains/subscales.SDQ was differently used child ages such as child aged 6-10 years used by parent version child agedbetween11-17 years used by both child and parent versions.ResultsOf 2920 child who participated in the study, 382 (13%) studied in kindergarten, 2423 (82.9%) school. Anaverage age of participants was 10.9±4.ConclusionThe abnormal emotional reaction was dominantly occurred in urban girls aged between from 6 to 10years and the abnormal behavioral reaction was dominantly occurred in urban boys aged between from6 to 15 years. The family relationship was a risk factor for developing emotional and behavioral problemsin child.

BackgroundChildren’s congenital hip dislocation is ranked first, accounting for 49,4% among other skeletal anomalieswhich cause to physical disability.There is a tendency that the number of newborn with the congenitalhip dislocation is going to be increased in recent years, 5000:1 were in 1976 and 1000:1,3% in 1998.Bilateral dysplasia accounts for 50-62% of the total incidences. In unilateral cases,left hip seems to beinvolved 2 times more than the right,and the sex ratio is 2,5:1. Some cultures who swaddle their infantstightly with their legs straightened have a far greater incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Aresearch indicated that discouraging this traditional swaddling method has reduced the prevalence ofdevelopmental dysplasia of the hip and congenital hip dislocationby 6 times in America. It is noted thatthis methodhas also been implemented in Japan and Turkey.Aim.This research aimed to study about the prevalence of congenital hip dislocation, developmental dysplasiaof the hip and other anomalies among the children who were underwent treatment at Pediatric Traumaand Orthopedic Department of National Trauma and OrthopedicResearch Centre of Mongolia in 2013-2015 and children served by outpatient visit in the clinics in 2011-2015.The following objectives were defined in the scope of the research. Herein:1. Evaluate and determine the percentage and prevalence of congenital hip dislocation anddevelopmental dysplasia of the hip among the children who undergo treatment in Pediatric Traumaand Orthopedic Departmentof National Trauma Orthopedic Research Center of Mongolia.2. Evaluate and determine the percentage and prevalence of congenital hip dislocation, developmentaldysplasia of the hip and other anomalies among children who are being served by outpatient visit inClinics of National Trauma and Orthopedic Research Center of Mongolia.Materialis and MethodThis research were studied the prevalence of congenital hip dislocation, developmental dysplasia of thehip and other anomalies among the children who were underwent treatment at Pediatric Trauma andOrthopedic Department of National Trauma and OrthopedicResearch Centre of Mongolia in 2013-2015and children served by outpatient visit in the clinics in 2011-2015.ResultTotal of 40559 inpatients underwent treatment in National Trauma andOrthopedic Research of Mongolia;of which 12217 were inpatient in Pediatric Trauma and Orthopedic Department, aged 0-19;of which1351 has been registered with birth defects of hip; of which 248 has been diagnosed with developmentaldysplasia hip, 869 with congenital hip dislocation. Sex ratio of cases of congenital hip dislocationinmales to female is around 1:4.Total of 633 (13,8%) examinations were performed in the clinics in 2011;704 (15,3%) in 2012;962 (20,9%)in 2013;1013 (22%) in 2014;1287 (28%) in 2015 respectively. It shows an increase in the number ofexaminations year by year.Total of 4142 (90,1%) cases were diagnosed with congenital hip dislocation and developmental dysplasiain both hips; left hip has been dislocated 2 times more than the right, 162 (3,5%) with congenitaldislocation of right hip; 292 (6.4%) with congenital dislocation of left hip.ConclusionTo conclude, the analysis above shows that the prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip andcongenital hip dislocation is still high in Mongolia. Therefore, number of diagnosis with congenital hipdislocation has rapidly increased in the recent 2 years.