Background: Indoor air quality in schools is an important environmental health concern because children spend a substantial proportion of their time in classrooms and are particularly vulnerable to air pollutants. Objective: To assess common chemical, and biological pollutants in the indoor air of general education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 10, 2025, to March 1, 2026, in 16 purposively selected schools and 32 classrooms across six districts of Ulaanbaatar. PM2.5, PM10, CO₂, and microclimatic parameters were monitored continuously for seven days. Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, BTEX compounds, and radon were also measured. Airborne microorganisms were assessed using 160 air samples, and 160 surface swabs were collected. Results were compared with MNS 7106:2026, MNS 5484:2005, and MNS 6410:2018 standards. Results: The mean 24-hour concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 25.2 and 36.1 µg/m³, respectively. PM2.5 exceeded the permissible level during winter and in schools located in apartment areas, whereas the mean PM10 concentration met the acceptable level. Total bacteria were detected in all air samples, with a mean concentration of 1,733.25 CFU/m³. Mould and fungi were detected in 56.3% of classrooms, and enteric bacteria were detected in 4.3% of surface swabs. Radon levels remained below the permissible limit, and pathogenic bacteria were not detected. Formaldehyde was detected in all samples, while total VOCs and toluene were detected in 81.3%; their mean concentrations remained within acceptable levels. In one classroom, the concentration of benzene was detected approximately 30 times higher the permissible level. Conclusion Although some indoor air-quality indicators met the relevant standards, PM2.5, total bacteria, mould and fungi, surface enteric bacteria, and benzene contamination require improvement and may pose health risks to children. Regular ventilation, improved cleaning and hygiene, proper maintenance of HEPA devices, and routine monitoring of particulate matter, mould, and VOCs are needed.

Background: Patient safety is a core dimension of healthcare quality and has become a global priority. According to the report by the U.S. Institute of Medicine, between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths occur annually due to medical errors in hospitals. One of the key indicators of patient safety is the Adverse Events (AE), defined as unintended harm to a patient that results from medical care rather than from the underlying disease. The assessment of adverse events is not only a tool for detecting errors but also an active strategy for improving system reliability and safety. Accurate identification of adverse events is therefore essential for enhancing patient safety and serves as a critical performance indicator with financial implications for hospitals. Aim: To determine the incidence of adverse events in referral hospitals and to analyze the relationship between triggers and adverse events. Material and Methods: Data were collected during 2023–2024 from three referral hospitals, the First, Second, and Third State Central Hospitals after obtaining institutional approval. The study was conducted within the framework of the Whole System Measures methodology developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), which is internationally used for system-wide performance assessment. Data extraction was performed from electronic health records and inpatient departments, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25. Results: The study identified 8.3% adverse events per 1,000 patient-days, which is 1.66 times higher than the international reference rate. A statistically significant association was observed between the number of triggers and the occurrence of adverse events, indicating that the use of triggers facilitates the active detection of adverse events. Conclusion The incidence of adverse events in tertiary specialized hospitals was found to be higher than international benchmarks. The application of trigger-based active surveillance proved to be an effective method for identifying adverse events and enhancing patient safety monitoring systems.

In valve surgery cases among Mongolia, post-arrhythmia is observed that as same as pre-arrhythmia by its kind and prevalence. Which is why post-operation complication, mortality, financial problems are high, also exceeding hospital care. Therefore we aimed to compare pre and post operation arrhythmia in patients who had aortic and mitral valve surgery. In order to compare, we measured pre and post surgery electrocardiogram from total 30 patients with satisfaction. Statistical analyses are completed by SPSS 23 software and the p-value is evaluated as significant when less than 0.05. The average age of patients were 43./±3/. The frequency of pre-surgery arrhythmia were 88.7% hence atrial fibrillation were 62.9%, moreover post-surgery arrhythmia were 80%. There was no statistically significant difference between pre and post surgery arrhythmia (p= 0.9). According to the result, we have concluded that arrhythmia frequency hasn’t been getting lower after valve surgery, consequently needed to improve arrhythmia control, treatment and admit novel methods such as Cox maze IV, and Catheter ablation.