Intraoperative hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication during neurosurgery, especially in posterior fossa surgery, where critical vasculature and brain structures are present. Adenosine has been used in neurovascular surgery, particularly in the management of intraoperative aneurysm rupture and hemorrhage for its ability to produce transient flow arrest. This case report describes a novel application for adenosine, in which adenosine-induced flow arrest was used to facilitate control of a vascular injury sustained during meningioma surgery.

A 46-year-old female diagnosed with a petroclival meningioma after presenting with a several-month history of headache, dizziness, and loss of balance underwent craniotomy and excision of the meningioma. The patient received general endotracheal anesthesia, and was maintained on remifentanil, propofol, and low-dose sevoflurane. During posterior excision of the meningioma, the basilar artery was inadvertently lacerated, resulting in significant blood loss. Adenosine was given through a subclavian catheter, and produced severe bradycardia, hypotension, then asystole for approximately 50 seconds. Adenosine-induced flow arrest allowed for initial control of the vascular injury through coagulation, while further hemostasis was achieved through hemostatic agents and muscle tamponade.

This case report demonstrates the usefulness of adenosine-induced flow arrest in the management of intraoperative hemorrhage from an intracranial vascular injury. Adenosine-induced flow arrest has documented safety and efficacy in other neurosurgical applications. As the management of intraoperative hemorrhage is an essential component of neuroanesthesia, this technique may be considered in similar circumstances of major vascular injury to facilitate hemostasis.

OBJECTIVES: Cervicocerebral artery dissection (CAD) is one of the important causes for ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged people. CAD is dangerous and untimely diagnosis and treatment are likely to result in severe disability. Early diagnosis and timely intervention can greatly improve the prognosis of patients. This study was to investigate the imaging features of CAD on high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI) and to analyze the influential factors of vascular recanalization. METHODS: A total of 19 CAD patients with both baseline HRMR-VWI and follow-up data of vascular imaging in the period from April 2017 to December 2019 in Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University were retrospectively analyzed. The diseased vessels were divided into a recovery group and a unrecovered group. After treatment, diseased vessels with no residual arterial dissection and no residual stenosis in the lumen were included in the recovery group. Diseased vessels with stenosis, occlusion or residual dissection were included in the unrecovered group. Diseased vessels were divided into a ischemic stroke group and a non-ischemic stroke group according to the presence or absence of ischemic stroke in the area supplied by the diseased vessels. Differences in clinical data and HRMR-VWI imaging findings were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 26 vessels were involved, including 14 (53.8%) internal carotid artery extracranial segment, 8 (30.8%) vertebral artery extracranial segment, 3 (11.5%) vertebral artery intracranial segment, and 1 (3.9%) basilar artery. Ischemic stroke occurred in 16 diseased vascular supply areas. Intramural hematoma was all observed in the baseline HMR-VWI of the affected vessels. There were 18 vessels (69.2%) in the recovery group and 8 vessels (30.8%) in the unrecovered group. Compared with the vessels in the recovery group, the vessels in the unrecovered group were mostly found in the intracranial segment ( CONCLUSIONS Intramural hematoma is a common imaging manifestation of CAD and can be shown clearly and accurately on HRMR-VWI. Recanalization rate of CAD is high, and the recanalization of CAD in intracranial segment is slower than that of CAD in extracranial segment, which can prolong the review time.
Basilar Artery ; Dissection ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Stroke

Arterial Occlusive Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; therapy ; Basilar Artery ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; therapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thrombectomy

Multiple large-vessel occlusive stroke is rare in clinical practice, and its prognosis is usually poor. A 58-year-old female with atrial fibrillation experienced left hemiparesis and drowsy mentality, and was diagnosed with ischemic stroke due to acute occlusion of right carotid and basilar artery. Successful mechanical thrombectomy was performed for both occlusions with clot aspiration technique, and favorable outcome was achieved at 3-month. Endovascular revascularization therapy in acute occlusion of multiple large vessels seems feasible when favorable outcome can be expected.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Basilar Artery ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Paresis ; Prognosis ; Stroke ; Thrombectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subclinical atherosclerotic plaques are common in patients with pontine infarctions (PIs) but without basilar artery (BA) stenosis. We hypothesized that BA plaque locations may differ by PI type and vertical location as well as vertebrobasilar artery geometry. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with PI but without BA stenosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography were enrolled. PIs were classified by type (paramedian, deep, or lateral) and vertical location (rostral, middle, or caudal). Patients underwent high-resolution MRI to evaluate BA plaque location (anterior, posterior, or lateral). The mid-BA angle on anteroposterior view and angle between the BA and dominant vertebral artery (BA-VA angle) on lateral view were measured. RESULTS: The PIs were paramedian (72.9%), deep (17.7%), and lateral (9.4%) type with a rostral (32.3%), middle (42.7%), and caudal (25.0%) vertical location. The BA plaque locations differed by PI type (P=0.03) and vertical location (P < 0.001); BA plaques were most frequent at the posterior wall in paramedian (37.1%) and caudal (58.3%) PIs and at the lateral wall in lateral (55.5%) and middle (34.1%) PIs. The BA-VA and mid-BA angles differed by BA plaque and PI vertical location; the greatest BA-VA angle was observed in patients with posterior plaques (P < 0.001) and caudal PIs (P<0.001). Greatest mid-BA angles were observed with lateral BA plaques (P=0.03) and middlelocated PIs (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Greater mid-BA angulation may enhance lateral plaque formation, causing lateral and middle PIs, whereas greater BA-VA angulation may enhance posterior plaque formation, causing paramedian or caudal PIs.
Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Brain Stem Infarctions ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Angiography ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Vertebral Artery

OBJECTIVE: Protocols for posterior circulation ischemic stroke have not been established by randomized clinical trials. Mechanical endovascular thrombectomy (MET) devices are evolving, and many of these devices already developed or in development are suitable for posterior circulation MET. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the medical records of patients who underwent MET for posterior circulation ischemic stroke from January 2012 to August 2016. Fifteen patients were included. MET was performed in patients with or without injected intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. MET was considered in patients with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score of 4 or more, older than 18 years, with definite occlusion of the basilar artery or posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and who arrived at the hospital within 24 hours from onset. RESULTS: The direct catheter aspiration technique was used in five cases, and the stent retrieval technique was used in seven cases. The stent retrieval technique with the direct aspiration technique was used in three cases. Recanalization failed in two cases. Basilar occlusion without PCA involvement is the only effective factor of successful recanalization (p = 0.03). Successful recanalization (p = 0.005) and the presence of a posterior communicating artery (p = 0.005) affected the good outcome at discharge. CONCLUSION: An early diagnosis and active MET may improve the patient outcome. MET may help recanalization and good flow restoration and the potential for a good outcome.
Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Catheters ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Posterior Cerebral Artery* ; Stents ; Stroke ; Thrombectomy* ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vasa vasorum (VV) have been believed to be rare or non-existent in small-caliber intracranial arteries. In a series of human cerebral artery specimens, we identified and examined the distribution of VV in association with co-existing intracranial atherosclerosis. METHODS: We obtained cerebral artery specimens from 32 consecutive autopsies of subjects aged 45 years or above. We scrutinized middle cerebral artery (MCA), vertebral artery (VA), and basilar artery (BA) for the presence of adventitial VV. We described the distribution of VV, and the characteristics of co-existing atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS: Among 157 intracranial arteries, adventitial VV were present in 74 of the 157 specimens (47%), involving MCA (n=13, 18%), BA (n=14, 19%), and VA (n=47, 64%). Although qualitatively these 74 adventitial VV distributed similarly in arteries with or without atherosclerotic lesions (disease-free arteries n=4/8; arteries of pre-atherosclerosis n=17/42; and arteries of progressive atherosclerosis n=53/107), the presence of adventitial VV in intracranial VA was associated with a heavier plaque load (1.72±1.66 mm2 vs. 0.40±0.32 mm2, P < 0.001), severer luminal stenosis (25%±21% vs. 12%±9%, P=0.002), higher rate of concentric lesions (79% vs. 36%, P=0.002), and denser intraplaque calcification (44% vs. 0%, P=0.003). Histologically, intracranial VA with VV had a larger diameter (3.40±0.79 mm vs. 2.34±0.58 mm, P < 0.001), thicker arterial wall (0.31±0.13 mm vs. 0.23±0.06 mm, P=0.002), and a larger intima-media (0.19±0.09 mm vs. 0.13± 0.04 mm, P=0.003) than VA without VV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated the distribution of adventitial VV within brain vasculature and association between vertebral VV and progressive atherosclerotic lesions with a heavier plaque load and denser intraplaque calcification.
Arteries ; Atherosclerosis ; Autopsy ; Basilar Artery ; Brain ; Cerebral Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis* ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Phenobarbital ; Vasa Vasorum* ; Vertebral Artery

A 64-year-old female presented with an incidentally-discovered right posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA) aneurysm, initially treated in 2015 by simple coiling. Follow-up demonstrated significant coil compaction that required retreatment. Retreatment was done uneventfully using a Pipeline embolization device (PED) shield deployed starting from the basilar artery and ending at the V4 segment of the vertebral artery. Eight-weeks post-deployment, a follow-up digital subtraction imaging (DSA) and intravascular imaging with optical coherence tomography were obtained. The intravascular imaging demonstrated that the flow diverter had good wall apposition and concentric neointimal growth over the braid with exception to the areas that the PED was not in contact with the endothelial wall, such as at the right PICA ostium and at the vertebrobasilar junction. The entire procedure was safe, and the patient had no complications. In this article, we describe for the first time the assessment of the status of endothelial “healing” of the PED shield at 8-weeks.
Aneurysm ; Basilar Artery ; Cerebral Arteries ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans* ; Middle Aged ; Pica ; Retreatment ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Vertebral Artery

OBJECTIVE: Surgical clipping of the cerebral aenurysm is considered as a standard therapy with endovascular coil embolization. The surgical clipping is known to be superior to the endovascular coil embolization in terms of recurrent rate. However, a recurrent aneurysm which is initially treated by surgical clipping is difficult to handle. The purpose of this study was to research the management of the recurrent cerebral aneurysm after a surgical clipping and how to overcome them.METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2015, medical records and radiologic findings of 14 patients with recurrent aneurysm after surgical clipping were reviewed retrospectively. Detailed case-by-case analysis was performed based on preoperative, postoperative and follow-up radiologic examinations and operative findings. All clinical variables including age, sex, aneurysm size and location, type and number of applied clips, prognosis, and time to recurrence are evaluated. All patients are classified by causes of the recurrence. Possible risk factors that could contribute to those causes and overcoming ways are comprehensively discussed.RESULTS: All recurrent aneurysms after surgical clipping were 14 of 2364 (0.5%). Three cases were males and 11 cases were females. Mean age was 52.3. At first treatment, nine cases were ruptured aneurysms, four cases were unruptured aneurysms, and one case was unknown. Locations of recurrent aneurysm were determined; anterior communicating artery (A-com) (n=7), posterior communicating artery (P-com) (n=3), middle cerebral artery (n=2), anterior cerebral artery (n=1) and basilar artery (n=1). As treatment of the recurrence, 11 cases were treated by surgical clipping and three cases were treated by endovascular coil embolization. Three cases of all 14 cases occurred in a month after the initial treatment. Eleven cases occurred after a longer interval, and three of them occurred after 15 years. By analyzing radiographs and operative findings, several main causes of the recurrent cerebral aneurysm were found. One case was incomplete clipping, five cases were clip slippage, and eight cases were fragility of vessel wall near the clip edge.CONCLUSION: This study revealed main causes of the recurrent aneurysm and contributing risk factors to be controlled. To manage those risk factors and ultimately prevent the recurrent aneurysm, neurosurgeons have to be careful in the technical aspect during surgery for a complete clipping without a slippage. Even in a perfect surgery, an aneurysm may recur at the clip site due to a hemodynamic change over years. Therefore, all patients must be followed up by imaging for a long period of time.
Aneurysm ; Aneurysm, Ruptured ; Anterior Cerebral Artery ; Arteries ; Basilar Artery ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Male ; Medical Records ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Neurosurgeons ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Surgical Instruments

Currently, endovascular coiling is a popular treatment for basilar tip aneurysms, which usually involve a wide neck. Serious complications can occur when the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) originating from a wide neck is not properly preserved. Accordingly, various adjunctive procedures using stents or a balloon have been introduced. Herein we report two cases of basilar tip aneurysms in which retrograde horizontal (from one PCA to the other PCA) stent-assisted coiling was successful, and we provide a summary of the important technical points.
Aneurysm* ; Basilar Artery ; Neck* ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Stents* ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage