In this study， an endophytic bacteria strain BZJN1 was isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala， and identified as Bacillus subtilis by physiological and biochemical tests and molecular identification. Strain BZJN1 could inhibit the growth of mycelia of Ceratobasidium sp. significantly， and the inhibition rate was more than 70%. The mycelium growth deformity with bulge as spherical and partially exhaustible in apex or central with microscopic observation. The inhibitory rates under 3% and 6% concentrations of the cell free fermentation were 22.7% and 38.7% expectively. The field test proved that the control efficacy of treatment of 1×10⁸ cfu·mL⁻¹ is 75.27% and 72.37% after 10 and 20 days. All the treatments of strain BZJN1 was able to promote the growth of A. macrocephala， the treatment of 1×10⁸ cfu·mL⁻¹ could able to increase the yield to 14.1%.
Atractylodes ; microbiology ; Bacillus subtilis ; physiology ; Basidiomycota ; pathogenicity ; Biological Control Agents ; Endophytes ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology ; prevention & control

Mushroom exposures are increasing worldwide. The incidence and fatality of mushroom poisoning are reported to be increasing. Several new syndromes in mushroom poisoning have been described. Rhabdomyolytic mushroom poisoning is one of new syndromes. Russula subnigricans mushroom can cause delayed-onset rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury in the severely poisoned patient. There are few reports on the toxicity of R. subnigricans. This report represents the first record of R. subnigricans poisoning with rhabdomyolysis in Korea, describing a 51-year-old man who suffered from rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, severe hypocalcemia, respiratory failure, ventricular tachycardia, cardiogenic shock, and death. Mushroom poisoning should be considered in the evaluation of rhabdomyolysis of unknown cause. Furthermore, R. subnigricans should be considered in the mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis.
Acute Kidney Injury/*etiology ; Basidiomycota/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Ventricles/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mushroom Poisoning/*diagnosis/microbiology/mortality ; Rhabdomyolysis/*etiology ; Shock, Cardiogenic/*etiology ; Tachycardia, Ventricular/etiology

Two new sesquiterpenoids, named as tyromols A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from cultures of basidiomycete Tyromyces chioneus, along with two previously reported 15-hydroxy-6 α, 12-epoxy-7β, 10αH, 11βH-spiroax-4-ene (3) and agripilol C (4). Compounds 1-4 were separated and purified by silica gel, RP-18, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments.
Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Sesterterpenes

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) is a key enzyme in the polyamines biosynthesis, thus is essential for basic physiological and biochemical processes in plant. In the present study, a full length cDNA of DoSAMDC1 gene was obtained from symbiotic germinated seeds of an endangered medicinal orchid species Dendrobium officinale, using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR technique for the first time. The full length cDNA was 1 979 bp, with three open reading frames, i.e. tiny-uORF, small-uORF and main ORF (mORF). The mORF was deduced to encode a 368 amino acid (aa) protein with a molecular mass of 40.7 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.2. The deduced DoSAMDC1 protein, without signal peptide, had two highly conserved function domains (proenzyme cleavage site and PEST domain) and a 22-aa transmembrane domain (89-110). Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic relationship analyses revealed DoSAMDC1 had a higher level of sequence similarity to monocot SAMDCs than those of dicot. Expression patterns using qRT-PCR analyses showed that DoSAMDC1 transcripts were expressed constitutively without significant change in the five tissues (not infected with fungi). While in the symbiotic germinated seeds, the expression level was enhanced by 2.74 fold over that in the none-germinated seeds, indicating possible involvement of the gene in symbiotic seed germination of D. officinale.
Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Basidiomycota ; physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Dendrobium ; enzymology ; genetics ; microbiology ; Germination ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal ; enzymology ; genetics ; microbiology ; Seeds ; genetics ; growth & development ; microbiology ; Sequence Alignment ; Symbiosis ; physiology

To evaluate the effectiveness of enzymatic assisted extraction (EAE) of lipid from the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides in the presence of beta-1,3-glucomannanase at a larger scale, we investigated the effects of enzymatic treatment and extraction conditions on lipid extraction yields at 10-L scale by using the broth of R. toruloides Y4 as the feed and ethyl acetate as the solvent. When it was treated for 0.5 h, the lipid extraction yield reached 71.1%, indicating that the enzymatic treatment process reached similar efficiency to that obtained at 10-mL scale. The inhibitory effect of emulsification was greatly reduced by repeated extraction. After extracted for three times, yields of lipid extraction, solvent recovery and total material recovery reached 92.9%, 87.0% and 94.2% respectively. As it can use the lipid production slurry with good extraction efficiency, EAE technology is promising for industrial production of microbial lipids.
Basidiomycota ; metabolism ; Biofuels ; Bioreactors ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; isolation & purification ; beta-Mannosidase ; metabolism

To study the toxicity-decreasing and synergistic effect of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides from Phellinus igniarius on S180 mice. The PIP and PIE were extracted from the products of liquid submerged fermentation of P. igniarius. Transplanting S180 mice tumor models were established so as to observe the changes in tumor inhibiting rate, indexes of the spleen and thymus, body weight, peripheral blood cells and IFN-gamma levels when CTX was used alone and when used in combination with the PIP and PIE from P. igniarius. The results indicate that the PIP and PIE from P. igniarius can increase the activity of body immunity, attenuate the toxicity of CTX as well, and improve the anti-tumor effects.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Cyclophosphamide ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Synergism ; Female ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Plant Extracts ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Sarcoma 180 ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Spleen ; pathology ; Thymus Gland ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo search for low-molecular-weight neuritogenic compounds from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

METHODAn extract library of TCM was prepared. Targeted isolation guided by biological screening led to the discovery of compound 1, and its structure was elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic methods and comparison of spectroscopic data with these reported from the literature.

RESULTA neuritogenic compound 1, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-22E, 24R-5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6, 22-diene, was isolated and identified from the methanol extract of T. fuciformis. This compound showed a significant neuritogenic activity against PC12 cells at 3 micromol x L(-1)).

CONCLUSIONMethonal extract of T. fuciformis and targeted compound 1 both showed significant neuritogenic activity against PC12 cells. These results suggested that the extract and compound 1 might be used to prevent and treat neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.

Animals ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Molecular Structure ; Nerve Growth Factor ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Neurites ; drug effects ; PC12 Cells ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo explore the protective effects and mechanism of ethanol extract of Inonotus obliquus (EEIO) injection on asthmatic mice.

METHODOVA was injected intraperitoneally and inhaled to produce the asthmatic model. Thirty two mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, asthma group and I. obliquus groups of high and low dose. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-gamma in BALF, the phosphor-p38 MAPK in lung tissues were respectively measured by ELISA and Western blotting. The number of inflammatory cells in BALF and histopathology changes were observed.

RESULTIn asthmatic group, the number of inflammatory cells and the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in BALF and phospho-p38 MAPK in lung tissue were higher, while IFN-gamma were lower than those in normal control mice (P < 0.05). In I. obliquus group, the number of inflammatory cells, the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in BALF and phosphor-p38 MAPK in lung tissue were lower, but were higher than those in normal control mice (P < 0.05), and histropathology damage was alleviated significantly. There was no significant difference observed among the efficacies in the I. obliquus groups of high and low dose.

CONCLUSIONp38 MAPK may play a role in pathological process of asthma. I. obliquus effectively treats asthma by inhibiting the expression of phosphor-p38 MAPK, correcting the unbalance of IFN-gamma/IL-4 and decreasing the number of inflammatory cells.

Animals ; Anti-Asthmatic Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Basophils ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; cytology ; immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interferon-gamma ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Interleukin-13 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-5 ; metabolism ; Lung ; pathology ; Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neutrophils ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; drug effects ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo determine whether auricularia auricular polysaccharide (AAP) protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion (1/ R) injury and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODSMale Sprague-Dawley rats, pretreated with AAP (50, 100, 200 mg/(kg x d), gastric perfusion) for 4 weeks, were used for Langendorff isolated heart perfusion. The hearts were subjected to global ischemia for 30 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion and the left ventricular hemodynamic parameters were measured. Formazan, a product of 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC), which is proportional to myocardial viability, was measured at 490 nm, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the coronary effluent was measured to evaluate the cardiac injury. The cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined after myocardial I/R.

RESULTSThe pretreatment with AAP at 50, 100, 200/(kg d) for 4 weeks before I/R increased myocardial formazan content, reduced LDH release, improved the recovery of the left ventficular developed pressure, maximal rise rate of left ventricular pressure, and rate pressure product (left ventricular developed pressure multiplied by heart rate) attenuated the decrease of coronary flow during reperfusion. The cardiac protective effect of high dose AAP was more potent than that of compound radix salviae miltiorrhizae (CRSM, 4 ml/(kg x d), gastric perfusion for 4 weeks). Pretreatment with AAP (100 mg/(kg x d)) markedly inhibited the increase of MDA level and the decrease of SOD activity induced by I/R in myocardium.

CONCLUSIONThe findings indicate that in the isolated rat heart, AAP protects myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury via enhancing the activity of SOD and reducing lipid peroxidation in heart.

Animals ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Inonotus obliquus has high nutritional and medicinal value, especially in treating malignant tumors, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and AIDS, attracting significant attention from scholars in recent years. In this paper, the biological characteristics, chemical composition and pharmacologic effects of Inonotus obliquus were summarized. And the applications in medicine and food were introduced. Future research on Inonotus obliquus was also discussed in order to make Inonotus obliquus obtain effective exploitation and satisfy people's demands.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antioxidants ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Basidiomycota ; chemistry ; Biomedical Research ; trends ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification