Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023.Methods:Collected clinical cases of HFMD, epidemiological information and samples were obtained. The specimens were tested by the real-time RT-PCR for enterovirus A71(EVA71), CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10, respectively. The VP1 regions of CVA6 were amplified and sequenced, MEGA X was used for phylogenetic analysis.Results:From 2021 to 2023, a total of 1 393 HFMD samples were collected, 1 106 (79.40%, 1 106/1 393) of which were positive for enteroviruses. The proportions of EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10 were 0.45% (5/1 106), 16.64% (184/1 106), 72.42% (801/1 106) and 2.17% (24/1 106). A total of 801 HFMD cases tested positive for CAV6, including 783 mild cases and 18 severe cases, mainly in children aged ≤5 years (86.02%, 689/801), with a male/female ratio of 1.49∶1. The composition ratio of CVA6 infection differed with year(χ 2=332.62, P<0.01), and the highest composition ratio of CVA6 was in 2023 (91.01%, 638/701). The nucleotide and amino acid similarities in the VP1 region of Xi′an strains of CVA6 were 92.4%-99.8% and 98.3%-100.0%, respectively. Compared with the CVA6 prototype strain(Gdula), the nucleotide and amino acid similarities in the VP1 region of Xi′an strains were 82.2%-84.0% and 95.4%-96.0%, respectively, and there were 18 amino acid mutations in different degrees. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of VP1 region sequences, the CVA6 strains in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023 belonged to D3a subtype, and could be divided into two clusters with 18 strains in cluster 1 while two strain in cluster 2. Conclusions:The sub-genotype D3a of CVA6 is the predominant virus causing HFMD in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023, and there are two transmission chains. The monitoring and prevention of CVA6 should be strengthened.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023.Methods:Collected clinical cases of HFMD, epidemiological information and samples were obtained. The specimens were tested by the real-time RT-PCR for enterovirus A71(EVA71), CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10, respectively. The VP1 regions of CVA6 were amplified and sequenced, MEGA X was used for phylogenetic analysis.Results:From 2021 to 2023, a total of 1 393 HFMD samples were collected, 1 106 (79.40%, 1 106/1 393) of which were positive for enteroviruses. The proportions of EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10 were 0.45% (5/1 106), 16.64% (184/1 106), 72.42% (801/1 106) and 2.17% (24/1 106). A total of 801 HFMD cases tested positive for CAV6, including 783 mild cases and 18 severe cases, mainly in children aged ≤5 years (86.02%, 689/801), with a male/female ratio of 1.49∶1. The composition ratio of CVA6 infection differed with year(χ 2=332.62, P<0.01), and the highest composition ratio of CVA6 was in 2023 (91.01%, 638/701). The nucleotide and amino acid similarities in the VP1 region of Xi′an strains of CVA6 were 92.4%-99.8% and 98.3%-100.0%, respectively. Compared with the CVA6 prototype strain(Gdula), the nucleotide and amino acid similarities in the VP1 region of Xi′an strains were 82.2%-84.0% and 95.4%-96.0%, respectively, and there were 18 amino acid mutations in different degrees. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of VP1 region sequences, the CVA6 strains in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023 belonged to D3a subtype, and could be divided into two clusters with 18 strains in cluster 1 while two strain in cluster 2. Conclusions:The sub-genotype D3a of CVA6 is the predominant virus causing HFMD in Xi′an city from 2021 to 2023, and there are two transmission chains. The monitoring and prevention of CVA6 should be strengthened.

Spinal cord injury is a catastrophic injury causing lifelong severe disabilities, and poses a great burden to the individuals, families and society. In order to promote the standardization in treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury, the consensus on the evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic spinal cord injury was suggested by experts, who came from authoritative multicenter in China. The expert consensus, which formed a standardization process from the first aid clinical treatment to rehabilitation of spinal cord injury, shall give a better practical guide for clinic and rehabilitation physicians.

Objective To establish the background information of physiological parameters for germ?free ( GF ) Taihu piglets. Methods In this study we selected 25 days old GF Taihu piglets and 4 conventional ( CV) littermates, the male and female ratio was 1∶3, to measure the normal clinical values of hematology and serum biochemistry, immunoglobu?lin concentration and main organ coefficients. The analysis of relative growths of main organ weight to body weight was con?ducted in the Taihu GF and CV pigs by allometric scaling model. Results (1) Twelve hematological parameters and 8 blood biochemical parameters in the GF piglets were significantly lower than those in CV pigs (P<0?05). (2) The aver?age body weight, IgM concentration of GF pigs and CV pigs had significant difference ( P <0?05 ) , and no mesenteric lymph nodes were found in the GF pigs. (3) The gut weight had the largest allometric association with body weight in the GF pigs, while spleen weight has the largest allometric association with body weight in the CV pigs. Both the weight of heart and stomach in CV and GF pigs had a negative allometric association with body weight (allometric coefficient b<1), respectively. Conclusions Different microbe control grades affect the body weight, hematology and serum biochemistry, expression of immunoglobulin and development of main organs in laboratory pigs.

Shennongjia is well known as the national treasure of traditional Chinese medicine resources at home and abroad. In order to provide Shennongjia with better protection of traditional Chinese medicine and promote the sustainable utilization of its resources, based on the specific analysis of She nnongj ia′s conservation status and
available resources, we put forward primary strategies and specific measures for the sustainable utilization framework of Shennongjia traditional Chinese medicine resources, in view of resources conservation, development, utilization, as well as the resources administration.

Objective To analyze the genotypes of clinical varicella-zoster virus(VZV) isolates in Tibet.Methods The samples of vesicular fluid from patients with chickenpox or zoster were collected to isolate VZV in human embryonic fibroblast cells.Furtherly,the isolated VZV were identified by indirect immunofluorescence assay and the positive ones were continuely cultured in vitro to get their genome DNAs.Then,PCR and nucleotide sequencing were performed on the part of open reading frames 1,21,50,54.To confirm the genotypes of isolated virus strains,the gene sequences obtained from PCR products were compared with that in GenBank of VZV Dumas strains,and their restriction enzyme sites were analyzed via Primer 5.0.Results Ten clinical isolates of VZV were obtained from sixteen specimens,the positive isolation rate was 62.5％.Gene analysis showed that among all the ten clinical isolates of VZV in Tibet,three strains are genotype A1,four are genotype A2 and the other three are genotype J1.Conclusion The VZV genotype distribution in Tibet was tightly related to their special geographic locations.

A total of 50 clinical imipenem-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were subjected to the ceftazidime-2- mercaptoethanol -double-disk synergy test and to the PCR assays with primers specific for bla(IMP-1). After the process of sequencing the positive one to identify the results, PCR analysis was conducted with primers specific for class 1 integrons. For synergy test, 28 isolates gave positive results, among which were 27 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Only one Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to carry bla(IMP-1), and bla(Int1) at the same time. This is the first ascertainment of IMP-1 producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate carrying bla(IntI1) in West China, which is of significance to the research on the clinical spread of these drug-resisitant genes.
Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Ceftazidime ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Fermentation ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; Mercaptoethanol ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; genetics ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics