ObjectiveAngelicae Sinensis Radix， a commonly used medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible properties， is frequently adulterated in the market， severely affecting the clinical efficacy of preparations. While qualitative identification techniques for adulterants and counterfeits are now relatively mature， quantitative detection methods for adulterated processed products remain unexplored. Quantitative detection research of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its primary closely related adulterant， "Tu Danggui" （Angelica gigas）， was conducted to establish a herbal quantitative molecular detection （Herb-Q） method for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its processed products， providing a model for the establishment of quantitative detection technologies for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and related health products. MethodsThe specific single-nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angelica gigas Nakai were screened based on the complete chloroplast genome sequence. The specific SNP loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were selected for quantitative methodological investigations （linearity， limit of quantification， limit of detection， and reproducibility） by mixing the powder of the herbs with different adulteration ratios. Huoxue Zhitong powder with three distinct adulteration ratios （15%， 25%， and 35%） was utilized to ascertain the precision of the Herb-Q method for the quantitative detection of Chinese patent medicines containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix. ResultsBy comparing the 123 chloroplast genome sequences of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， based on the principles of intraspecies conservation， interspecies specificity， and meeting the requirements of pyrophosphate high-throughput sequencing， it was determined that 9 674^th locus （A/G） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_042826.1 and 38 592^nd locus （T/C） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_029393.1 could be the exclusive molecular identification loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angelica gigas Nakai， respectively. The linear relationship R² of the Herb-Q method established by selecting the specific 9 674^th locus （A/G） of Angelicae Sinensis Radix was 0.997 4 （R²>0.99）， indicating an excellent linear relationship. The limits of quantification and detection were established at 2.0%， exhibiting excellent reproducibility ［relative standard deviation（RSD）<2.0%］. The established quantitative system based on the Herb-Q method detected the adulteration amount of counterfeit A. gigas in the Huoxue Zhitong powder， with an average deviation of 1.3% for three molecular quantitative replicates. ConclusionThis research demonstrates that the Herb-Q quantitative detection method established based on the 9 674^th locus （A/G） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_042826.1 of Angelicae Sinensis Radix has good applicability， objectivity， and accuracy for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and A. gigas， and its processed products. This method has the capacity to provide technical support for the quantitative detection of commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix derivatives， including traditional Chinese medicinal preparations， dietary supplements， and nutraceuticals.

ObjectiveAngelicae Sinensis Radix， a commonly used medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible properties， is frequently adulterated in the market， severely affecting the clinical efficacy of preparations. While qualitative identification techniques for adulterants and counterfeits are now relatively mature， quantitative detection methods for adulterated processed products remain unexplored. Quantitative detection research of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its primary closely related adulterant， "Tu Danggui" （Angelica gigas）， was conducted to establish a herbal quantitative molecular detection （Herb-Q） method for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and its processed products， providing a model for the establishment of quantitative detection technologies for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and related health products. MethodsThe specific single-nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angelica gigas Nakai were screened based on the complete chloroplast genome sequence. The specific SNP loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were selected for quantitative methodological investigations （linearity， limit of quantification， limit of detection， and reproducibility） by mixing the powder of the herbs with different adulteration ratios. Huoxue Zhitong powder with three distinct adulteration ratios （15%， 25%， and 35%） was utilized to ascertain the precision of the Herb-Q method for the quantitative detection of Chinese patent medicines containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix. ResultsBy comparing the 123 chloroplast genome sequences of Angelicae Sinensis Radix， based on the principles of intraspecies conservation， interspecies specificity， and meeting the requirements of pyrophosphate high-throughput sequencing， it was determined that 9 674^th locus （A/G） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_042826.1 and 38 592^nd locus （T/C） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_029393.1 could be the exclusive molecular identification loci of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Angelica gigas Nakai， respectively. The linear relationship R² of the Herb-Q method established by selecting the specific 9 674^th locus （A/G） of Angelicae Sinensis Radix was 0.997 4 （R²>0.99）， indicating an excellent linear relationship. The limits of quantification and detection were established at 2.0%， exhibiting excellent reproducibility ［relative standard deviation（RSD）<2.0%］. The established quantitative system based on the Herb-Q method detected the adulteration amount of counterfeit A. gigas in the Huoxue Zhitong powder， with an average deviation of 1.3% for three molecular quantitative replicates. ConclusionThis research demonstrates that the Herb-Q quantitative detection method established based on the 9 674^th locus （A/G） in the chloroplast genome sequence NC_042826.1 of Angelicae Sinensis Radix has good applicability， objectivity， and accuracy for Angelicae Sinensis Radix and A. gigas， and its processed products. This method has the capacity to provide technical support for the quantitative detection of commercially available Angelicae Sinensis Radix derivatives， including traditional Chinese medicinal preparations， dietary supplements， and nutraceuticals.

Epimedium sagittatum is a perennial herb of Berberidaceae. Its leaves have a long history of medicinal use in China. This plant is widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine，with the main functions of tonifying kidney Yang，strengthening bones and muscles，and dispelling wind and dampness. It can be used for treating kidney Yang deficiency，impotence，spermatorrhea，flaccidity of bones and muscles，rheumatic arthralgia，numbness，and spasms. The chemical constituents of this plant include flavonoids，polysaccharides，lignans，and alkaloids. Flavonoids are the main active ingredients. These compounds show a wide range of biological activities，including cartilage repair，anti-aging，anti-fatigue，cough-relieving，blood glucose-lowering，and anti-tumor effects. Modern pharmacological research has shown that E. sagittatum has definite pharmacological effects on the reproductive system，respiratory system，nervous system，cardiovascular system，skeletal system，etc. It has remarkable effects of helping pregnancy，resisting osteoporosis，controlling diabetes，improving immunity，and inhibiting tumor. Under the background of advocating one health and Chinese medicine，E. sagittatum is widely used in health care products，serving as the main raw material of various products. It has great market potential and is a Chinese medicinal herb with great clinical application and research value. This paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of E. sagittatum based on domestic and foreign reports， providing a theoretical basis for further study on E. sagittatum and its safe clinical application.

Epimedium sagittatum is a perennial herb of Berberidaceae. Its leaves have a long history of medicinal use in China. This plant is widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine，with the main functions of tonifying kidney Yang，strengthening bones and muscles，and dispelling wind and dampness. It can be used for treating kidney Yang deficiency，impotence，spermatorrhea，flaccidity of bones and muscles，rheumatic arthralgia，numbness，and spasms. The chemical constituents of this plant include flavonoids，polysaccharides，lignans，and alkaloids. Flavonoids are the main active ingredients. These compounds show a wide range of biological activities，including cartilage repair，anti-aging，anti-fatigue，cough-relieving，blood glucose-lowering，and anti-tumor effects. Modern pharmacological research has shown that E. sagittatum has definite pharmacological effects on the reproductive system，respiratory system，nervous system，cardiovascular system，skeletal system，etc. It has remarkable effects of helping pregnancy，resisting osteoporosis，controlling diabetes，improving immunity，and inhibiting tumor. Under the background of advocating one health and Chinese medicine，E. sagittatum is widely used in health care products，serving as the main raw material of various products. It has great market potential and is a Chinese medicinal herb with great clinical application and research value. This paper reviews the main chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of E. sagittatum based on domestic and foreign reports， providing a theoretical basis for further study on E. sagittatum and its safe clinical application.

Objective:To explore the role adaptation experience of informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders, providing reference for developing caregiver support programs.Methods:This study was a qualitative study. Purposive sampling method was used to select informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Chengdu Second People's Hospital from July to October 2023 for semi-structured interviews. Analyze the data and extract themes using Colaizzi's 7-step analysis method.Results:From the caregiving experience, two main themes and nine subthemes were identified: poor adaptation to multiple roles (insufficient role adaptation resources, disrupted physiological rhythms, prominent negative emotions, limited social participation, heavy economic burden) ; role activation (emotion and responsibility, external support system assistance, internal self-efficacy enhancement, self-healing) .Conclusions:Medical staff should optimize training for informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders, enhancing their knowledge and skills to alleviate poor role adaptation experiences and improve the quality of care.

Objective:The development and application of end-of-life patient decision aids for elderly were systematically reviewed and analyzed in order to supply guidance for the design of localized patient decision aids in China.Methods:Using the Scoping Review Guidelines as a methodological framework, a systematic search was conducted across databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, China Biology Medicine, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and BIOSIS. The search period covered from the inception of these databases to October 31, 2023. Two professionally trained researchers were responsible for screening, extracting, and organizing the retrieved literature.Results:A total of 5 studies on decision aids were included. These primarily employed paper graphics, interactive web pages, or multimedia slides as formats. The content encompassed various aspects such as palliative care options along with their pros and cons, assisting patients in clarifying their personal values, encouraging patients to document their decision-making preferences, and initiating end-of-life conversations with family members. Age-friendly design strategies were adopted in 4 studies; efficacy was validated in 3 studies, and in two of these studies, significant improvements were observed in engagement of patients (or substitute decision-makers) in ACP and the consistency of decision preferences (both P< 0.05). Conclusions:End-of-life decision aids for elderly patients can improve decision-making outcomes to some extent, however, the form and quality standards of them need to be improved, and their long-term effect needs further research and verification. It is recommended that in the future, the needs for end-of-life decision-making should be properly assessed based on the health literacy level, and high-quality localized end-of-life decision aids should be developed and popularized.

Objective:The development and application of end-of-life patient decision aids for elderly were systematically reviewed and analyzed in order to supply guidance for the design of localized patient decision aids in China.Methods:Using the Scoping Review Guidelines as a methodological framework, a systematic search was conducted across databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, China Biology Medicine, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and BIOSIS. The search period covered from the inception of these databases to October 31, 2023. Two professionally trained researchers were responsible for screening, extracting, and organizing the retrieved literature.Results:A total of 5 studies on decision aids were included. These primarily employed paper graphics, interactive web pages, or multimedia slides as formats. The content encompassed various aspects such as palliative care options along with their pros and cons, assisting patients in clarifying their personal values, encouraging patients to document their decision-making preferences, and initiating end-of-life conversations with family members. Age-friendly design strategies were adopted in 4 studies; efficacy was validated in 3 studies, and in two of these studies, significant improvements were observed in engagement of patients (or substitute decision-makers) in ACP and the consistency of decision preferences (both P< 0.05). Conclusions:End-of-life decision aids for elderly patients can improve decision-making outcomes to some extent, however, the form and quality standards of them need to be improved, and their long-term effect needs further research and verification. It is recommended that in the future, the needs for end-of-life decision-making should be properly assessed based on the health literacy level, and high-quality localized end-of-life decision aids should be developed and popularized.

Objective:To explore the role adaptation experience of informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders, providing reference for developing caregiver support programs.Methods:This study was a qualitative study. Purposive sampling method was used to select informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Chengdu Second People's Hospital from July to October 2023 for semi-structured interviews. Analyze the data and extract themes using Colaizzi's 7-step analysis method.Results:From the caregiving experience, two main themes and nine subthemes were identified: poor adaptation to multiple roles (insufficient role adaptation resources, disrupted physiological rhythms, prominent negative emotions, limited social participation, heavy economic burden) ; role activation (emotion and responsibility, external support system assistance, internal self-efficacy enhancement, self-healing) .Conclusions:Medical staff should optimize training for informal caregivers of elderly patients with swallowing disorders, enhancing their knowledge and skills to alleviate poor role adaptation experiences and improve the quality of care.

ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation among the botanical characteristics， biological characteristics， chemical composition， and medicinal properties and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines （TCM） from latex-containing plants， so as to strengthen the theory of "identifying symptoms for qualities" and provide a reference for the development and utilization of the latex-containing plant resources. MethodStatistics on the meridians for properties and tastes， efficacy， medicinal parts， family and genus， and chemical components of TCM from latex-containing plants were carried out. A total of 53 TCM from latex-containing plants included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia were screened by mining the Chinese Botanical Journal， Chinese Materia Medica， Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicines， and related literature. In addition， their meridians for properties and tastes， medicinal parts， chemical components， and TCM classifications were summarized and statistically analyzed by using Excel 2013 and ChiPlot 2023.3.31 software. ResultIt was found that latex-containing plants were mainly distributed in one kingdom， one phylum， two classes， and 20 families， and most of the TCM from latex-containing plants belonged to Dicotyledonaceae under Angiosperms. In terms of properties and tastes， plain>cold>warm>cool>hot and bitter>pungent>sweet>sour>salty. In terms of meridians， liver>lung>kidney>spleen=large intestine=stomach>heart>bladder=gallbladder=small intestines. In terms of medicinal parts， roots （root， rhizomes， tuberous root， and root bark）>resin>seed>whole herb （whole herb and above-ground part）>stem （stem and branch）>fruit>leaf>flower=skin. In terms of research on chemical components， they were mostly glycosides. In terms of TCM classification， they were mostly medicines for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. ConclusionThe TCM from latex-containing plants is mainly plain， with a uniform warm and cold distribution. The tastes are mainly bitter and pungent， and the major meridians are the liver and lung. The roots and resins are mainly used as medicines. The components mostly contain glycosides， alkaloids， and volatile oils， and most of them are medicines for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis， as well as for removing heat and toxins. There is a certain degree of correlation among the growth habits， medicinal parts， chemical components， and the properties， tastes， and efficacy of the TCM from latex-containing plants. It may provide a reference for resource development and utilization of TCM from latex-containing plants.

ObjectiveThe relevant laws among the biological characteristics， medicinal parts， growth environment， and medicinal properties and efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines （TCM） from fungi were excavated， so as to strengthen the theory of distinguishing symptoms for quality and provide a reference for the development and utilization of TCM from fungi. MethodThe medicinal parts， meridians for properties and tastes， heterotrophic mode， and efficacy of commonly used TCM from fungi were summarized. By consulting the Compendium of Materia Medica， Shennong Materia Medica， Flora of China， and literature， the TCM from fungi indexed in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and some local pharmacopeias were checked. ResultA total of 28 common TCM from fungi were selected. Different TCMs from fungi have different meridians for properties and tastes， medicinal parts， habits， and growth environments. The relevant information was counted. Among the four properties， plain>cold>warm. Among the five tastes， sweet>bitter>light>pungent=salty. In terms of medicinal parts， fruiting body>sclerotia>complex>spermia=outer skin=other. In terms of meridians， lung>liver=heart>spleen=kidney>stomach. In terms of habits， parasitism>saprophysis>symbiosis=facultative parasitism=facultative saprophysis. ConclusionTCM from fungi are mainly parasitic and saprophytic， and the plain property and sweet taste the most. The meridians are mostly lung， heart， and liver. Nourishment and diuresis are the main efficacy. There is a certain correlation between the color， habit， medicinal parts， and growth environment of TCM from fungi and their properties， tastes， and efficacy， providing comprehensive literature reference and theoretical basis for their in-depth research， clinical use， and resource development.