In recent years,more and more studies have found that phase separation plays an important role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases.Phase separation refers to the process in which biological macromole-cules,such as proteins and nucleic acids,spontaneously segregate into concentrated and diluted phases under certain con-ditions.This process creates distinct functional compartments within cells and is involved in various cellular biological functions.The driving forces of phase separation include multivalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions,hydro-phobic interactions,and π-π stacking.Key protein regions that promote phase separation include intrinsically disordered regions,low complexity domains,folded domains,and nucleic acid binding domains.This article reviews recent progress in understanding the role of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases,including heart failure,myocardial fibrosis,and atherosclerosis,with a particular focus on the last five years of research.Future studies should aim to elucidate the specif-ic mechanisms of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

In recent years,more and more studies have found that phase separation plays an important role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases.Phase separation refers to the process in which biological macromole-cules,such as proteins and nucleic acids,spontaneously segregate into concentrated and diluted phases under certain con-ditions.This process creates distinct functional compartments within cells and is involved in various cellular biological functions.The driving forces of phase separation include multivalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions,hydro-phobic interactions,and π-π stacking.Key protein regions that promote phase separation include intrinsically disordered regions,low complexity domains,folded domains,and nucleic acid binding domains.This article reviews recent progress in understanding the role of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases,including heart failure,myocardial fibrosis,and atherosclerosis,with a particular focus on the last five years of research.Future studies should aim to elucidate the specif-ic mechanisms of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

Aortic aneurysm/dissection is the primary cause of mortality in patients with Marfan syndrome(MFS).Though aberrant activation of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)pathway has been considered the central pathogenic mechanism for MFS aortic aneurysms,recent research has gradually revealed the involvement of other signaling pathways in MFS.This review summarizes the latest researches on the molecular mechanisms of MFS,including classical TGF-β and related signaling pathways such as Notch and nitric oxide(NO),as well as epigenetics and gene therapy,which provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of MFS.