Objective By reviewing the access policies for new antimicrobial drugs internationally,this study provides a reference for the development of China's antimicrobial drug access policy.Methods The Chinese and English databases,offi-cial websites of health agencies,and health technology assessment agencies of various countries(CNKI,PubMed,NICE in the UK,HAS in France,etc.)were searched to collect and sort out the access policies of new antibacterial drugs.Taking the antibacte-rial drug ceftazidime-avibactam and the antifungal drug esaconazole sulfate as examples,the key evidence points for the evaluation of antibacterial drugs in the market access process of medical insurance were analyzed.Finally,the author put forward suggestions for China's antibacterial drug access policy based on the opinions of experts in related fields of antibacterial drugs in China.Re-sults Access policies for antimicrobial drugs had already established in the UK,US,EU,Sweden Switzerland,and Republic of Korea.These policies included a series of measures such as evaluation approval rewards,patent extensions,additional reimburse-ment,decoupling sales revenue from sales volume,etc.,with the ultimate goal being to encourage research and development of new antibiotics while reducing resistance rates.The review found that besides evaluating the safety,economy,and cost-effectiveness,some evaluation agencies also consider the actual clinical value and social value of drugs when reviewing the evidence of two types of new antibacterial drugs in the medical insurance access link.Conclusion China can draw upon international framework principles while considering unique demands such as national antibiotic management policy or national healthcare negotiation re-quirements to provide certain policy support throughout the market access process for new antimicrobials due to their unique val-ues so that it can encourage research & development while curbing antibiotic resistance.

Objective:To study the distribution characteristics of current patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner (referred to as Morin Banner), and provide suggestions for service management.Methods:Information of KBD current patients in Morin Banner was collected from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2024 using the "KBD Current Patient Survey System" provided by the Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A descriptive study method was used to analyze the basic information and clinical data of current patients.Results:As of June 30, 2024, a total of 6 223 KBD current patients were reported in Morin Banner, and the patients were distributed in 15 townships (towns). There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate of KBD among different townships (towns, χ 2 = 3 069.01, P < 0.001). The minimum age of the KBD current patients was 27 years old, and the maximum was 98 years old, mainly concentrated in the age range of 45 - 74 years old, accounting for 95.7% (5 954/6 223). There was a significant difference in the prevalence rate of KBD among different age groups (χ 2 = 5 912.76, P < 0.001). The male to female ratio was 1.00∶1.14 (2 910 ∶ 3 313), and there was a statistically significant difference in prevalence rate of KBD between genders(χ 2 = 44.38, P < 0.001). The KBD current patients mainly had a primary school education, married, and farmers, accounting for 59.2% (3 685/6 223), 89.8% (5 590/6 223), 93.2% (5 802/6 223), respectively; and the clinical grading of patients is mainly degree Ⅰ. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of limb disability among patients with different clinical grades (χ 2 = 64.26, P < 0.001). The rate of limb disability in males was higher than that in females (χ 2 = 10.36, P = 0.001). Conclusions:The KBD current patients in Morin Banner are distributed in various township (town), with middle-aged and elderly famers being the main ones. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring of KBD, and pay attention to personalized treatment and management of KBD current patients.

Objective By reviewing the access policies for new antimicrobial drugs internationally,this study provides a reference for the development of China's antimicrobial drug access policy.Methods The Chinese and English databases,offi-cial websites of health agencies,and health technology assessment agencies of various countries(CNKI,PubMed,NICE in the UK,HAS in France,etc.)were searched to collect and sort out the access policies of new antibacterial drugs.Taking the antibacte-rial drug ceftazidime-avibactam and the antifungal drug esaconazole sulfate as examples,the key evidence points for the evaluation of antibacterial drugs in the market access process of medical insurance were analyzed.Finally,the author put forward suggestions for China's antibacterial drug access policy based on the opinions of experts in related fields of antibacterial drugs in China.Re-sults Access policies for antimicrobial drugs had already established in the UK,US,EU,Sweden Switzerland,and Republic of Korea.These policies included a series of measures such as evaluation approval rewards,patent extensions,additional reimburse-ment,decoupling sales revenue from sales volume,etc.,with the ultimate goal being to encourage research and development of new antibiotics while reducing resistance rates.The review found that besides evaluating the safety,economy,and cost-effectiveness,some evaluation agencies also consider the actual clinical value and social value of drugs when reviewing the evidence of two types of new antibacterial drugs in the medical insurance access link.Conclusion China can draw upon international framework principles while considering unique demands such as national antibiotic management policy or national healthcare negotiation re-quirements to provide certain policy support throughout the market access process for new antimicrobials due to their unique val-ues so that it can encourage research & development while curbing antibiotic resistance.

Objective:To study the distribution characteristics of current patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner (referred to as Morin Banner), and provide suggestions for service management.Methods:Information of KBD current patients in Morin Banner was collected from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2024 using the "KBD Current Patient Survey System" provided by the Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A descriptive study method was used to analyze the basic information and clinical data of current patients.Results:As of June 30, 2024, a total of 6 223 KBD current patients were reported in Morin Banner, and the patients were distributed in 15 townships (towns). There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate of KBD among different townships (towns, χ 2 = 3 069.01, P < 0.001). The minimum age of the KBD current patients was 27 years old, and the maximum was 98 years old, mainly concentrated in the age range of 45 - 74 years old, accounting for 95.7% (5 954/6 223). There was a significant difference in the prevalence rate of KBD among different age groups (χ 2 = 5 912.76, P < 0.001). The male to female ratio was 1.00∶1.14 (2 910 ∶ 3 313), and there was a statistically significant difference in prevalence rate of KBD between genders(χ 2 = 44.38, P < 0.001). The KBD current patients mainly had a primary school education, married, and farmers, accounting for 59.2% (3 685/6 223), 89.8% (5 590/6 223), 93.2% (5 802/6 223), respectively; and the clinical grading of patients is mainly degree Ⅰ. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of limb disability among patients with different clinical grades (χ 2 = 64.26, P < 0.001). The rate of limb disability in males was higher than that in females (χ 2 = 10.36, P = 0.001). Conclusions:The KBD current patients in Morin Banner are distributed in various township (town), with middle-aged and elderly famers being the main ones. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring of KBD, and pay attention to personalized treatment and management of KBD current patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of down-regulation of pannexin 2 (Panx-2) channels on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in I-10 cells. METHODS: The expression of Panx-2 protein in testicular cancer cells was detected with Western blotting. The testicular cancer cell line I-10 was transfected with two short hairpin RNA (shRNA1 and shRNA2) Lipofectamine, the empty vector (NC group) or Lipofectamine2000 (blank control group), and the changes in the expression of Panx-2 was detected with Western blotting. The effects of transfection with a Panx-2 inhibitor on surviving fraction of the cells treated with cisplatin (16 μmol/L) for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was assessed with MTT assay, and the clonogenic capacity of the cells was evaluated with colony-forming assay. At 8 h after incubation with 16 μmol/L cisplatin, AnnexinV/PI double staining was used to detect the early apoptosis of the cells. After 24 h of treatment with 16 μmol/L cisplatin, the cells were examined for expressions of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax using Western blotting. RESULTS: The expression of Panx-2 was significantly increased in cisplatin-resistant I-10/DDP ( < 0.001) cells and Tcam-2/DDP ( < 0.01) cells as compared with I-10 cells and Tcam-2 cells. Transfection of I-10 cells with shRNA1 and shRNA2 resulted in significantly decreased Panx-2 expression ( < 0.05) and significantly reduced cell surviving fraction ( < 0.001). In the presence of cisplatin, the cells in NC group showed a higher clonogenic efficiency than those in shRNA1 and shRNA2 groups ( < 0.001). The early-stage apoptosis rate of the cells in shRNA1 and shRNA2 groups were significantly higher than that in NC group ( < 0.01). Panx-2 knockdown in I-10 cells significantly increased caspase-3 and Bax expressions ( < 0.05) and significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2 ( < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of Panx-2 channel enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis in cultured testicular cancer cells.
Antineoplastic Agents ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Cisplatin ; Connexins ; Down-Regulation ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Male ; Testicular Neoplasms