Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with its primary risk factor arising from elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to an imbalance between aqueous humor production and outflow. This study aims to establish quantitative correlations among IOP, iris mechanical properties, channel microstructures, and aqueous humor dynamics through three-dimensional modeling and finite element analysis, overcoming the limitations of conventional experimental techniques in studying aqueous flow within the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway. A three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model incorporating the layered TM structure, Schlemm's canal (SC), iris, and other anterior segment tissues was developed based on human ocular anatomy. FSI simulations were performed to quantify the effects of IOP variations and iris Young's modulus on tissue morphology and aqueous humor dynamics parameters. The computational results demonstrated that axial iris deformation showed significant correlations with IOP and iris Young's modulus. Although elevated IOP exhibited minimal effects on hydrodynamic parameters in the anterior and posterior chambers, it markedly suppressed aqueous flow velocity in the TM region. Additionally, wall shear stress in SC and collector channels displayed high sensitivity to IOP variations. These findings reveal that the tissue mechanics-FSI mechanism modulates outflow resistance by regulating aqueous humor dynamics, offering valuable references for developing clinical therapies targeting IOP reduction in glaucoma management.
Humans ; Trabecular Meshwork/anatomy & histology* ; Finite Element Analysis ; Aqueous Humor/metabolism* ; Intraocular Pressure/physiology* ; Glaucoma/physiopathology* ; Iris/anatomy & histology* ; Computer Simulation ; Models, Biological

Objective:To establish a rapid quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique for Mycobacterium marinum skin infections, and to analyze its clinical diagnostic efficiency. Methods:DNA was extracted from Mycobacterium marinum colonies and serially diluted (10 -1 to 10 -8). Twelve pairs of previously reported primers and probes, as well as 6 pairs of newly designed primers and probes in this study, were used for qPCR amplification to identify the most sensitive primers and probes for the detection of Mycobacterium marinum. Skin lesion tissues were collected from 72 patients with confirmed Mycobacterium marinum infections (experimental group) and 68 with other mycobacterial infections (control group) at Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences in 2021. These skin tissues were subjected to qPCR amplification, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), acid-fast staining, and tissue culture to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. Results:The newly designed primers and probes targeting the mycobacterial enhanced infection locus 2 (Mel2) demonstrated the highest sensitivity, with a detection limit of 0.86 copies/μl (cycle threshold value = 37) ; the qPCR amplification with the Mel2 primers/probes did not yield positive results when used for the detection of other mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium leprae and Staphylococcus spp) . Among the 72 patients in the experimental group, 44 were positive for qPCR with a sensitivity of 61.1% (95% CI: 49.6% - 71.5%), and 47 were positive for culture with a sensitivity of 65.2% (95% CI: 53.8% - 75.3%) ; all the 68 controls were negative for both qPCR and culture, with their specificities both being 100%. Among 65 patients subjected to IGRA, 31 were positive with a sensitivity of 47.7% (95% CI: 36.0% - 59.6%), while 16 out of 25 controls were negative for IGRA with a specificity of 64.0% (95% CI: 44.5% - 79.8%). Among 58 patients subjected to acid-fast staining, 37 were positive with a sensitivity of 63.8% (95% CI: 50.9% - 74.9%), and 52 out of 66 controls were negative for acid-fast staining with a specificity of 78.8% (95% CI: 67.5% - 86.9%). The combination of qPCR and culture resulted in a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100% for the detection of Mycobacterium marinum. Conclusion:In this study, a highly sensitive qPCR assay was developed for the detection of Mycobacterium marinum, and its combination with culture could further improve the detection sensitivity.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and the risk factors of fungal sepsis in 25 neonatal intensive care units (NICU) among preterm infants in China, and to provide a basis for preventive strategies of fungal sepsis. Methods: This was a second-analysis of the data from the "reduction of infection in neonatal intensive care units using the evidence-based practice for improving quality" study. The current status of fungal sepsis of the 24 731 preterm infants with the gestational age of <34⁺⁰ weeks, who were admitted to 25 participating NICU within 7 days of birth between May 2015 and April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. These preterm infants were divided into the fungal sepsis group and the without fungal sepsis group according to whether they developed fungal sepsis to analyze the incidences and the microbiology of fungal sepsis. Chi-square test was used to compare the incidences of fungal sepsis in preterm infants with different gestational ages and birth weights and in different NICU. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to study the outcomes of preterm infants with fungal sepsis, which were further compared with those of preterm infants without fungal sepsis. The 144 preterm infants in the fungal sepsis group were matched with 288 preterm infants in the non-fungal sepsis group by propensity score-matched method. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of fungal sepsis. Results: In all, 166 (0.7%) of the 24 731 preterm infants developed fungal sepsis, with the gestational age of (29.7±2.0) weeks and the birth weight of (1 300±293) g. The incidence of fungal sepsis increased with decreasing gestational age and birth weight (both P<0.001). The preterm infants with gestational age of <32 weeks accounted for 87.3% (145/166). The incidence of fungal sepsis was 1.0% (117/11 438) in very preterm infants and 2.0% (28/1 401) in extremely preterm infants, and was 1.3% (103/8 060) in very low birth weight infants and 1.7% (21/1 211) in extremely low birth weight infants, respectively. There was no fungal sepsis in 3 NICU, and the incidences in the other 22 NICU ranged from 0.7% (10/1 397) to 2.9% (21/724), with significant statistical difference (P<0.001). The pathogens were mainly Candida (150/166, 90.4%), including 59 cases of Candida albicans and 91 cases of non-Candida albicans, of which Candida parapsilosis was the most common (41 cases). Fungal sepsis was independently associated with increased risk of moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (adjusted OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.04-2.22, P=0.030) and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (adjusted OR 2.55, 95%CI 1.12-5.80, P=0.025). Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure (adjusted OR=2.50, 95%CI 1.50-4.17, P<0.001), prolonged use of central line (adjusted OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.08, P<0.001) and previous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) duration (adjusted OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.02-1.06, P<0.001) were all independently associated with increasing risk of fungal sepsis. Conclusions: Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis are the main pathogens of fungal sepsis among preterm infants in Chinese NICU. Preterm infants with fungal sepsis are at increased risk of moderate to severe BPD and severe ROP. Previous broad spectrum antibiotics exposure, prolonged use of central line and prolonged duration of TPN will increase the risk of fungal sepsis. Ongoing initiatives are needed to reduce fungal sepsis based on these risk factors.
Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Humans ; Birth Weight ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Gestational Age ; Infant, Extremely Premature ; Sepsis/epidemiology* ; Retinopathy of Prematurity/epidemiology* ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/epidemiology*

There are many types in food allergy, and the most common is mediated by IgE. Currently, the diagnosis of food allergy mainly relied on skin prick test and serum specific IgE of allergen extract, which can not identify cross-sensitization. Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) can identify the major allergen components and cross-components of food allergens, which plays an important role in dietary guidance, prognosis monitoring and diagnosis of special types of IgE-mediated food allergy. This article enumerates clinical characteristics of the IgE-mediated common food allergies, such as milk, egg and seafood allergy, and special type of food allergy, such as cat pork syndrome, oral allergy syndrome, α-gal syndrome and food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, summarizes the advances of CRD in these types of IgE-mediated food allergy, in order to provide an evidence for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of IgE-mediated food allergy.
Humans ; Allergens ; Immunoglobulin E ; Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis* ; Skin Tests

Objective: To explore the allergen map of patients with allergic diseases in northwest China, to investigate the distribution characteristics of serum specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in different ages, genders, diseases and the sensitization patterns of allergens. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study, a total of 1 161 patients with confirmed respiratory allergic diseases were selected retrospectively from outpatient or inpatient department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University and Tumor Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from June 2019 to October 2022. HAIKE ALLEOS 2000 fluorescent magnetic particle chemiluminescence method was used to quantify their serum for 12 inhaled allergen-specific IgE. Chi square test or Fisher's exact test were used for comparison between count data groups (Bonferroni correction was used for further pairwise comparison in multiple groups, two-sided P<0.05/3=0.017 considered that the difference was statistically significant). Pearson correlation analysis was used for correlation of continuous numerical variables. Results: The positive detection rate of sIgE in 1 161 patients was 66.8%(776/1 161). The three highest positive rate of inhaled allergen were mugwort(599/1 161, 51.6%), French chrysanthemum(565/1 161, 48.7%) and dandelion(412/1 161, 35.5%). In different age groups, the highest positive rate of sIgE was 7-18 age group(379/513, 73.9%) while the lowest positive rate was 4-6 age group(222/370, 60.0%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=21.177, P<0.001). The sensitization peak of mugwort, French chrysanthemum, plantain, timothy, birch, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, dermatophagoides farinae, cat epithelium, dog epithelium and German cockroach appeared in 7-18 age group. In different disease groups, the highest positive rate of sIgE was allergic rhinitis with asthma group (500/717, 69.7%) while the lowest positive rate was asthma group (76/144, 52.8%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=15.563, P<0.001). In different gender groups, the positive rate of sIgE in male (503/711, 70.7%) was higher than in female (273/450, 60.7%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=12.630, P<0.001). The multiple-sensitization rate was 86.9%(674/776) and the double-sensitization rate was 16.8%(130/776) in sIgE positive patients. Pearson correlation results showed that there was an extremely strong correlation between dandelion and French chrysanthemum(r=0.93,P<0.001). There was a strong correlation between mugwort and French chrysanthemum(r=0.64,P<0.001). In the co-sensitization analysis, the number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion, plantain and timothy accounted for 25.2%(170/674)of the total number of multiple sensitization. The number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum and dandelion accounted for 58.3%(393/674)of the total number of multiple sensitization. The number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion and plantain accounted for 35.6%(240/674) of the total number of multiple sensitization. Conclusion: Mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion are the major inhaled allergens in northwest China. The positive rate of sIgE was different in different ages, diseases and genders. The multiple-sensitization rate of allergen was high and there was a certain positive correlation between pollen allergen-specific IgE pairwise, suggesting that there may exist co-sensitization or cross-reactions among allergens.
Pregnancy ; Child ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Allergens ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Respiratory System ; Asthma

The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases has brought a substantial medical, social and economic burden. The development of allergology is relatively lag behind the allergy prevalence in China. Both the numbers of allergy specialty and allergist are scarce and thus the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease does not meet the needs of allergy patients. This article summarizes the status of medical education and specialty development of allergology in China and abroad. In addition, the key strategies for promoting the development of allergy education and specialty were discussed, including undergraduate and graduate education of allergology, the orientation of allergy specialty and related specialty/subspecialty, the integration of allergology into the standardized residents training system, training and certification of allergists, and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model.
Humans ; Hypersensitivity/therapy* ; Education, Medical ; Education, Graduate ; China/epidemiology* ; Students

A molecular diagnostic assay which could be stored at room temperature was developed to rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology and dry-reagent process. LAMP uses 4 or 6 primers and Bst DNA polymerase to amplify DNA at a constant temperature. The results showed that the LAMP assay could detect the amplification of IS6110 target gene within 20 min using real-time fluorescence signal detection. The sensitive of LAMP assay was similar to the PCR technology while the precision of PCR was better than LAMP (coefficient of variation, LAMP 18.9%, PCR 3.4%), meaning LAMP was more suitable for qualitative detection. The LAMP assay did not amplify DNA of other 10 types of pathogens, including Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rubivirus, mumps virus, adenovirus (type 3), adenovirus (type 7), respiratory syncytial virus B and parainfluenza virus type 2, indicating a good specificity. Furthermore, a dry-reagent assay was developed using air-drying and freeze-drying process. The performance of dried reagents did not change after 10 days storage at 50 ℃, meaning the dried reagents could be stored at room temperature (25 ℃) for more than six months. The dry-reagent LAMP assay also successfully amplified MTB DNA from several clinical samples within 20 min. In conclusion, the developed LAMP assay together with isothermal amplifier could rapidly detection MTB.
Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics* ; Indicators and Reagents ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods* ; DNA

Objective: To explore the allergen map of patients with allergic diseases in northwest China, to investigate the distribution characteristics of serum specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE) in different ages, genders, diseases and the sensitization patterns of allergens. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study, a total of 1 161 patients with confirmed respiratory allergic diseases were selected retrospectively from outpatient or inpatient department of Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University and Tumor Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from June 2019 to October 2022. HAIKE ALLEOS 2000 fluorescent magnetic particle chemiluminescence method was used to quantify their serum for 12 inhaled allergen-specific IgE. Chi square test or Fisher's exact test were used for comparison between count data groups (Bonferroni correction was used for further pairwise comparison in multiple groups, two-sided P<0.05/3=0.017 considered that the difference was statistically significant). Pearson correlation analysis was used for correlation of continuous numerical variables. Results: The positive detection rate of sIgE in 1 161 patients was 66.8%(776/1 161). The three highest positive rate of inhaled allergen were mugwort(599/1 161, 51.6%), French chrysanthemum(565/1 161, 48.7%) and dandelion(412/1 161, 35.5%). In different age groups, the highest positive rate of sIgE was 7-18 age group(379/513, 73.9%) while the lowest positive rate was 4-6 age group(222/370, 60.0%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=21.177, P<0.001). The sensitization peak of mugwort, French chrysanthemum, plantain, timothy, birch, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, dermatophagoides farinae, cat epithelium, dog epithelium and German cockroach appeared in 7-18 age group. In different disease groups, the highest positive rate of sIgE was allergic rhinitis with asthma group (500/717, 69.7%) while the lowest positive rate was asthma group (76/144, 52.8%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=15.563, P<0.001). In different gender groups, the positive rate of sIgE in male (503/711, 70.7%) was higher than in female (273/450, 60.7%), the difference between groups was statistically significant(χ²=12.630, P<0.001). The multiple-sensitization rate was 86.9%(674/776) and the double-sensitization rate was 16.8%(130/776) in sIgE positive patients. Pearson correlation results showed that there was an extremely strong correlation between dandelion and French chrysanthemum(r=0.93,P<0.001). There was a strong correlation between mugwort and French chrysanthemum(r=0.64,P<0.001). In the co-sensitization analysis, the number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion, plantain and timothy accounted for 25.2%(170/674)of the total number of multiple sensitization. The number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum and dandelion accounted for 58.3%(393/674)of the total number of multiple sensitization. The number of patients sensitized by mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion and plantain accounted for 35.6%(240/674) of the total number of multiple sensitization. Conclusion: Mugwort, French chrysanthemum, dandelion are the major inhaled allergens in northwest China. The positive rate of sIgE was different in different ages, diseases and genders. The multiple-sensitization rate of allergen was high and there was a certain positive correlation between pollen allergen-specific IgE pairwise, suggesting that there may exist co-sensitization or cross-reactions among allergens.
Pregnancy ; Child ; Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Allergens ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Respiratory System ; Asthma

The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases has brought a substantial medical, social and economic burden. The development of allergology is relatively lag behind the allergy prevalence in China. Both the numbers of allergy specialty and allergist are scarce and thus the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease does not meet the needs of allergy patients. This article summarizes the status of medical education and specialty development of allergology in China and abroad. In addition, the key strategies for promoting the development of allergy education and specialty were discussed, including undergraduate and graduate education of allergology, the orientation of allergy specialty and related specialty/subspecialty, the integration of allergology into the standardized residents training system, training and certification of allergists, and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model.
Humans ; Hypersensitivity/therapy* ; Education, Medical ; Education, Graduate ; China/epidemiology* ; Students

A molecular diagnostic assay which could be stored at room temperature was developed to rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology and dry-reagent process. LAMP uses 4 or 6 primers and Bst DNA polymerase to amplify DNA at a constant temperature. The results showed that the LAMP assay could detect the amplification of IS6110 target gene within 20 min using real-time fluorescence signal detection. The sensitive of LAMP assay was similar to the PCR technology while the precision of PCR was better than LAMP (coefficient of variation, LAMP 18.9%, PCR 3.4%), meaning LAMP was more suitable for qualitative detection. The LAMP assay did not amplify DNA of other 10 types of pathogens, including Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rubivirus, mumps virus, adenovirus (type 3), adenovirus (type 7), respiratory syncytial virus B and parainfluenza virus type 2, indicating a good specificity. Furthermore, a dry-reagent assay was developed using air-drying and freeze-drying process. The performance of dried reagents did not change after 10 days storage at 50 ℃, meaning the dried reagents could be stored at room temperature (25 ℃) for more than six months. The dry-reagent LAMP assay also successfully amplified MTB DNA from several clinical samples within 20 min. In conclusion, the developed LAMP assay together with isothermal amplifier could rapidly detection MTB.
Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics* ; Indicators and Reagents ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods* ; DNA