Introduction: Hearing loss adversely impacts communication, cognitive function, and quality of life, yet early detection among adults remains inadequate. Despite the availability of portable, cost effective tablet-based audiometric screening tools, national-level prevalence data on adult hearing loss in Mongolia are scarce, and no large-scale screening studies in primary health care settings have been conducted to date. Goal: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of screen-detected hearing loss among adults in Ulaanbaatar, evaluate its association with age and test frequency, and identify associated factors. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at primary health care clinics across nine districts of Ulaanbaatar (2024–2025), enrolling 2,335 adults (≥18 years). Hearing screening was performed using the MAICO easyTone device with DD65 v2A headphones at 500–6000 Hz (30 dB HL at 500 Hz; 20 dB HL at remaining frequencies), with ambient noise monitored per ANSI S3.1-2008. Each ear was classified as Pass or Refer at each frequency. Outcomes included screen-detected hearing loss (SD-HL), speech-frequency hearing loss (SD SFHL, 500–2000 Hz), and high-frequency hearing loss (SD-HFHL, 4000–6000 Hz), each categorized as bilateral or unilateral. Associated factors were assessed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: SD-HL was identified in 37.2% of participants (bilateral: 31.5%; unilateral: 5.7%), SD-SFHL in 30.6%, and SD-HFHL in 36.3%. Prevalence increased markedly with age, from 29.9% (40–49 years) to 96.6% (≥70 years) (p<0.001). On multivariable logistic regression, male sex was inversely associated with a positive screening result (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.42–0.99, p=0.049). Conclusion The findings of this study confirm that the MAICO easyTone tablet-based hearing screening device is a feasible and appropriate tool for the early detection of hearing loss among adults in routine primary health care settings in Ulaanbaatar. The high prevalence of screening-detected hearing loss underscores the urgent need to establish adult hearing screening programs in Mongolia. Future studies should include standard audiometric confirmation in participants with positive screening results to determine the diagnostic validity of this hearing screening approach.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the world and 1.5% in Mongolia. Approximately 85-90% of all brain and other CNS tumors were diagnosed primary brain tumor. In 2019, the average 5 year survival probability was 50% for other cancers and 11% for the primary brain tumors. There were 28 patients with primary brain tumor and 33 relatively healthy individuals in our study. Goal: To study the diagnostic value of serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein in the diagnosis of primary brain cancer Material and Methods: The Department of Neurosurgery at Third central hospital included 28 patients with primary brain cancer and 33 relatively healthy people. The study was conducted under the permission of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health on June 19, 2019 №119. Serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein content was determined by the ELISA kits method using the human aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acid protein test kit of the Chinese company “Sanlong”. The level is assumed to be true if the p value is less than 0.05. Results Mean age of the all participants was 42.9±16.5, 64% female and 36% male. Serum aquaporin-4 protein levels were 175.71±13.3 pg/ml and serum glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were 2.682±0.218 ng/ml in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were statistically significant high (p<0.001) in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein level differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) in benign and malignant tumor. There was no statistically significant correlation between serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein level and primary brain tumor grade.

Introduction: When human body encounters external pathogens primary/innate immunity cells are activated by recognizing them and secondary/adaptive immunity is activated consecutively. Immune cell surface receptors, called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind pathogens. In our previous study, we revealed that there is a synergistic action between TLR9 and IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. Purpose: To determine the role of negative and positive regulatory proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 synergistic signaling pathway Materials and Methods: This study was held in the Core Laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). In this study, murine endothelial cell (END-D) culture was used. The negative and positive regulator protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Result: Result of immunoblotting assay indicated that CpG DNA enhanced IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation in the endothelial cells. Treatment by TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and IFN-γ increased p38 activation in 0.5 hour and 1 hour. CpG DNA inhibited IFN-γ negative regulator SOCS1 protein expression in 4 hr and 8 hr. Therefore, TLR9 ligand CpG DNA increased IFN-γ signal transduction in the endothelial cell line. Conclusion TLR9 ligand CpG DNA has decreased IFN-γ negative regulator protein SOCS1 expression. CpG DNA has increased IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation.