Amber and subfossil resins are subjects of interdisciplinary research across multiple fields. However, due to their diverse origins and complex compositions, different disciplines vary in their definitions and functional interpretations. In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), amber has been utilized as a medicinal material since ancient time, with extensive historical documentation. However, its classification, provenance, and nomenclature remain ambiguous, and authentic medicinal amber artifacts are exceedingly rare. This study employed Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) to characterize amber and subfossil resins from various geological sources and commercially "medicinal amber". Additionally, historical literature and market surveys were analyzed to explore their provenance, composition, and functional attributes. The results indicate that amber and subfossil resins from different sources and with different compositions exhibit distinct fingerprint characteristics in the FTIR spectral range of 1 800-700 cm~(-1). "Medicinal amber" available in the market primarily consists of subfossil or modern resins, significantly differing in composition and structure from geological amber. This study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research on amber identification and resource management. It is essential to establish a systematic database of amber and subfossil resin characteristics and integrate modern analytical techniques to enhance research on their composition, pharmacological mechanisms, and potential therapeutic effects, thereby promoting the standardized utilization of amber resources and advancing the modernization of TCM.
Amber/history* ; Archaeology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Cinnabar(HgS) was widely used in ancient times for medicinal purposes, religious rituals, and pigments. A group of bright red powdery clumps was excavated from Mawangdui Tomb No.3 of the Han Dynasty. Early studies considered the clumps as evidence of cinnabar's medicinal use during the Qin-Han period. This study employed a range of archaeometric techniques, including extended-depth-of-field stereo imaging, micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry FTIR, to systematically analyze the material composition and structural characteristics of these remains. The results revealed that the cinnabar particles were granular, finely ground, and tightly bound to silk matrix, with no detectable excipients typically associated with medicinal formulations. Micro-CT imaging indicated a well-preserved textile structure, with clear signs of sedimentary accumulation and mechanical damage. Based on historical and archaeological studies, this study suggested that these remains were more likely degraded accumulations of cinnabar-colored silk textiles rather than medicinal cinnabar. By clarifying the diversity of ancient cinnabar applications and preservation states, this study provides new insights for the archaeological identification of mineral medicinal materials and contributes to the standardized study of Chinese medicinal materials and understanding of the historical use of cinnabar.
History, Ancient ; China ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history* ; Archaeology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/history* ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Mercury Compounds

With the rapid development of competitive sports, the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is on the rise. Such injuries may shorten athletes′ career and lead to other long-term adverse consequences. Although athletes generally recover well after ACL reconstruction, many still struggle to return to their pre-injury performance levels. Advances in the understanding of ACL anatomy and injury mechanisms, along with the evolution of surgical techniques and rehabilitation methods, have provided more individualized and tailored options for athletes following ACL injuries. However, there is currently no consensus in China regarding surgical and rehabilitation strategies for competitive athletes aiming to return to sports after ACL injuries. To this end, the Sports Medicine Committee of the Chinese Research Hospital Association and the Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Trauma jointly formulated the Expert consensus on surgical treatment and rehabilitation for competitive sports athletes returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament injury ( version 2025), and presented 14 recommendations covering surgical indications, preoperative rehabilitation, surgical timing, surgical strategies and postoperative rehabilitation strategies, aiming to improve the surgical treatment and rehabilitation system for ACL injuries in competitive athletes and facilitate their return to high-level sports performance after injury.

Objective:To analyze effect of miR-532-3p on macrophage polarization in rats with chronic kidney disease(CKD)through targeted inhibition of Notch1 signal pathway.Methods:A total of 75 SD rats were divided into control group,CKD group,ago-NC group,ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group,except for control group,CKD models were constructed and corresponding plas-mids and inhibitors were injected,control group and CKD group were replaced with same amount of normal saline.Serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 were measured by ELISA,HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe renal tissue pathology and renal fibrosis in rats,flow cytometry was used to detect CD11c+and CD206+of macrophages,miR-532-3p expression in rat kidney tissue was detected by qRT-PCR,Notch1 protein was detected by Western blot;target binding of miR-532-3p to Notch1 was determined by double luciferase reporter gene.Results:Structure of glomerulus,renal tubules and epithelial cells was complete,cell boundaries were clear,and cells were arranged neatly in control group;glomerular epithelial cell necrosis,mesangial matrix,glomerulosclerosis,inflammatory cell infiltration and renal fibrosis were increased in CKD group;compared with CKD group,damage degree of glomerulus and tubules,inflammatory infiltration cells and renal fibrosis degree in ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group were reduced;compared with control group,serum Scr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-1β,proportion of CD11c+,CD11c+/CD206+and Notch1 protein expression in macrophages of renal tissue were increased,serum IL-10 level,CD206+and miR-532-3p in renal tissue were decreased(P<0.05);compared with CKD group,serum Scr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-1β,proportion of CD11c+,CD11c+/CD206+and Notch1 protein expression in macrophages of renal tissue in ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group were decreased,serum IL-10 level,CD206+and miR-532-3p in renal tissue were increased(P<0.05);miR-532-3p targeted Notch1,and overexpression of miR-532-3p inhibited Notch1 protein expression.Conclusion:Promoting expression of miR-532-3p protects kidney tissue of CKD rats by inhibiting Notch1 pathway,which may be due to regulating polarization of macrophages.

Objective:To analyze effect of miR-532-3p on macrophage polarization in rats with chronic kidney disease(CKD)through targeted inhibition of Notch1 signal pathway.Methods:A total of 75 SD rats were divided into control group,CKD group,ago-NC group,ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group,except for control group,CKD models were constructed and corresponding plas-mids and inhibitors were injected,control group and CKD group were replaced with same amount of normal saline.Serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 were measured by ELISA,HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe renal tissue pathology and renal fibrosis in rats,flow cytometry was used to detect CD11c+and CD206+of macrophages,miR-532-3p expression in rat kidney tissue was detected by qRT-PCR,Notch1 protein was detected by Western blot;target binding of miR-532-3p to Notch1 was determined by double luciferase reporter gene.Results:Structure of glomerulus,renal tubules and epithelial cells was complete,cell boundaries were clear,and cells were arranged neatly in control group;glomerular epithelial cell necrosis,mesangial matrix,glomerulosclerosis,inflammatory cell infiltration and renal fibrosis were increased in CKD group;compared with CKD group,damage degree of glomerulus and tubules,inflammatory infiltration cells and renal fibrosis degree in ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group were reduced;compared with control group,serum Scr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-1β,proportion of CD11c+,CD11c+/CD206+and Notch1 protein expression in macrophages of renal tissue were increased,serum IL-10 level,CD206+and miR-532-3p in renal tissue were decreased(P<0.05);compared with CKD group,serum Scr,BUN,TNF-α,IL-1β,proportion of CD11c+,CD11c+/CD206+and Notch1 protein expression in macrophages of renal tissue in ago-miR-532-3p group and FLI-06 group were decreased,serum IL-10 level,CD206+and miR-532-3p in renal tissue were increased(P<0.05);miR-532-3p targeted Notch1,and overexpression of miR-532-3p inhibited Notch1 protein expression.Conclusion:Promoting expression of miR-532-3p protects kidney tissue of CKD rats by inhibiting Notch1 pathway,which may be due to regulating polarization of macrophages.

With the rapid development of competitive sports, the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is on the rise. Such injuries may shorten athletes′ career and lead to other long-term adverse consequences. Although athletes generally recover well after ACL reconstruction, many still struggle to return to their pre-injury performance levels. Advances in the understanding of ACL anatomy and injury mechanisms, along with the evolution of surgical techniques and rehabilitation methods, have provided more individualized and tailored options for athletes following ACL injuries. However, there is currently no consensus in China regarding surgical and rehabilitation strategies for competitive athletes aiming to return to sports after ACL injuries. To this end, the Sports Medicine Committee of the Chinese Research Hospital Association and the Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Trauma jointly formulated the Expert consensus on surgical treatment and rehabilitation for competitive sports athletes returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament injury ( version 2025), and presented 14 recommendations covering surgical indications, preoperative rehabilitation, surgical timing, surgical strategies and postoperative rehabilitation strategies, aiming to improve the surgical treatment and rehabilitation system for ACL injuries in competitive athletes and facilitate their return to high-level sports performance after injury.

OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic effect and safety of Maiwei Yangfei Decoction(MWYF)in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type.METHODS A total of 58 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group with 29 cases in each group according to a 1:1 ratio.Two cases dropped out of the experimental group and three cases dropped out of the control group.The control group received standardized treatment of Western medicine,and the experimental group received MWYF on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The treatment course of both groups was 3 months.The TCM syndrome score,lung function,6-minute walking distance(6MWD),transcutaneous blood oxygen saturation(SpO2),high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT)score,St.George's respir-atory questionnaire(SGRQ)score and serum sialoglycoprotein antigen(KL-6)level of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.Blood routine and liver and kidney function of the two groups were detected before and after treatment,and the occurrence of adverse reactions during treatment was recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the total score of TCM syndrome of the two groups was significantly improved(P<0.01),and the experimental group was better than the control group(P<0.01);the DLCO%of the experi-mental group increased(P<0.05),and the experimental group was higher than the control group(P<0.05).The experimental group showed significant improvement in 6MWD,HRCT grid shadow,SGRQ symptom score and total score,and serum KL-6 level(P<0.05,P<0.01),which was better than the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).No serious adverse events occurred in either group dur-ing the treatment.CONCLUSION MWYF combined with standardized Western medicine treatment can effectively improve the clini-cal symptoms of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis of qi-yin deficiency type,reduce the expression level of serum KL-6,and has a definite effect and good safety.

Objective To investigate the role of the TNFRSF12A molecule in the pathogenesis of liver cancer.Methods Through comprehensive analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas Program(TCGA)database and single-cell sequencing data,we studied the expression of TNFRSF12A in liver cancer and its correlation with prognosis.HPA database was utilized to analyze the subcellular localization of TNFRSF12A,and GO and KEGG analyses were performed by DAVID.TIME 2.0 was employed to analyze the correlation between TNFRSF12A and immune cell infiltration in liver cancer tissues.Results TNFRSF12A was found to be highly expressed in liver cancer tissues,significantly correlating with patient survival prognosis(OS:HR=1.61,P=0.007 0;RFS:HR=1.45,P=0.037 0;PFS:HR=1.30,P=0.099 0;DSS:HR=1.67,P=0.027 0),as well as age(P=0.046 7)and BCLC stage(P=0.045 6).TNFRSF12A co-expressed with tumor stem cell markers(CD24,SOX4,ANPEP),indicating a strong link to malignancy.Furthermore,molecular functional analysis unveiled that IL-2R primarily existed in the cell cytoplasm and played a role in processes such as cell apoptosis,invasion,and protein binding.Moreover,TNFRSF12A was associated with Treg cells and immune cell infiltration,further suggesting its role in tumor immune regulation.Conclusion TNFRSF12A exhibits a significant elevation within liver tumors and shows a notable correlation with patients'prognosis.Tumor cells engage in interactions with cytokines produced by Tregs,thereby reshaping the tumor microenvironment.The potential clinical significance of TNFRSF12A as a prognostic marker for tumors holds promise in offering novel avenues for personalized treatment and prognosis prediction.

Objective:To explore the impact of different preoperative fluid supplementation methods (oral multidimensional carbohydrates and conventional fluid supplementation) on early postoperative recovery and pain management in patients undergoing unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) spine surgery.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the data of 386 patients who underwent UBE lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia in the two courtyards of Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from May 2023 to April 2024. All patients were divided into oral multidimensional carbohydrates ( "Outfast" supplementation, composed mainly of water, sugars, salts, and vitamins) group (referred to as oral "Outfast" group, 189 patients) and conventional fluid supplementation group (197 patients) according to the type of fluid replenishment. Patients in the oral "Outfast" group were given one oral dose in the morning of the first surgery, and another oral infusion before 10∶00 in the morning of the next surgery or afternoon surgery. Patients in the conventional fluid supplementation group received intravenous infusion in the morning of the first surgery, and were given intravenous infusion of glucose and sodium chloride injection in the morning of the next surgery or afternoon surgery. The two groups were compared for the proportion of patients receiving preoperative intravenous fluids on the day of surgery, intraoperative and postoperative fluid volumes, average daily fluid volumes over the first three postoperative days, time to first postoperative ambulation, time to first bowel movement, post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay duration, 4-hour and 24-hour postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, incidence of anesthesia-related adverse reactions, and incidence of severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions. The measurement data of normal distribution were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for inter-group comparison. The measurement data of skewed distribution were expressed as M ( Q1, Q3) and rank sum test was used for inter-group comparison. Count data was presented in terms of examples and percentages, and a chi-square test was used for comparison between two groups. Results:In the oral "Outfast" group, 8 patients (4.2%) received preoperative intravenous fluids on the day of surgery, compared to 136 patients (69.0%) in the conventional fluid supplementation group, showing a significant difference ( P<0.001). The postoperative fluid volumes, average daily fluid volumes over the first three postoperative days, and shorter time to first ambulation in the oral multidimensional carbohydrates group were 700.0(600.0, 1 100.0) mL, 200.0(200.0, 300.0) mL, and 6.0(6.0, 11.0) h, respectively. The conventional fluid supplementation group was 1 100.0(700.0, 1 200.0) mL, 600.0(500.0, 700.0) mL, and 12.0(6.0, 19.0) h, respectively. The oral "Outfast" group was lower than the conventional fluid supplementation group ( P<0.001).There were no significant differences between the two groups in intraoperative fluid volumes, time to first bowel movement, PACU stay duration, 4-hour and 24-hour VAS pain scores, incidence of anesthesia-related adverse reactions, or incidence of severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Preoperative oral multidimensional carbohydrates supplementation effectively reduces the amount of preoperative and postoperative intravenous fluid required, shortens the time to first ambulation. Preoperative oral multidimensional carbohydrates is safe and does not adversely impact gastrointestinal reactions or pain management in the postoperative period.

Objective To compare the effects of intratracheal instillation by lumbar spinal needle and intratracheal atomization on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis modeling in mice,to determine the optimal modeling method.Methods Seventy-two C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into control,lumbar spinal needle and aerosolization groups,according to body weight(n=24 mice per group).Mice in the control and lumbar spinal needle groups received intratracheal instillation of saline or bleomycin,respectively,and mice in the aerosolization group received aerosolized bleomycin intracheally by microsprayer aerosolizer.Micro-computed tomography(CT),histopathological changes,hydroxyproline(HYP)levels,Collagen Ⅰ(COL Ⅰ)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)protein expression were examined on days 14 and 21 to evaluate the degree of pulmonary fibrosis in each group.Results Mice in the two model groups showed listlessness,slow responses,and decreased body weights on days 14 and 21,compared with the control group(P＜0.001).Micro-CT showed white shadows surrounding the trachea in the lumbar spinal needle group,while the shadows were more diffuse in the aerosol group.The degrees of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis were highest in the aerosolization group,with a time-dependent trend.The hydroxyproline contents were significantly increased in the two model groups on days 14 and 21 after modeling(P＜0.05),with the increase on day 21 being more significant and stable(P＜0.001).COL Ⅰ expression was significantly increased in both the lumbar spinal needle group and aerosolization group on days 21 after modeling,especially in the aerosolization group(P＜0.001).Expression levels of α-SMA were significantly higher in the lumbar spinal needle group and aerosolization group compared with the control group on days 21(P＜0.001);however,there was no significant difference between the two model groups.Conclusions intratracheal atomization of bleomycin is the optimal method for establishing a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis.