Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of interrelated metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, has emerged as a major contributor to the development and progression of IHD. The presence of MetS significantly increases cardiovascular risk and worsens clinical outcomes in patients with established coronary artery disease.
We summarize current evidence on the role of metabolic syndrome in ischemic heart disease, with a focus on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Key mechanisms linking MetS to IHD include insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and pro-thrombotic states, all of which promote atherosclerosis and plaque instability. In addition, emerging biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂), adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines provide further insight into the complex interaction between metabolic disturbances and ischemic heart disease.
Understanding the role of metabolic syndrome in IHD is essential for early risk stratification and targeted prevention strategies. Comprehensive management of metabolic syndrome components may reduce the incidence, severity, and recurrence of ischemic heart disease. This review highlights the importance of an integrated metabolic and cardiovascular approach in the prevention and management of IHD.

Background: Milk and dairy products are important sources of protein, vitamins (B2, B12), and minerals (calcium, zinc), playing a key role in maintaining normal body weight, bone structure, and overall health. However, in Mongolia, regular milk consumption among school-aged children is inadequate, and scientific evidence on its association with growth, micronutrient status, and bone health is limited. Objective : To determine the relationship between weekly milk consumption and children’s physical growth, bone softening, and serum levels of vitamin D and selected minerals. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2024 among 453 students aged 7–12 years from six general education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Participants were classified into three groups based on weekly milk consumption: (1) non-consumers, (2) consumers at school or home, and (3) consumers at both school and home. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and BMI z-scores were calculated using WHO growth reference standards. Blood samples were analyzed for vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and bone mineral density was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26, applying independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and ANOVA, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Children consuming milk regularly at both school and home had higher mean height (139 ± 8 cm) compared to non-consumers (136 ± 17 cm), though differences were not statistically significant (p=0.33). BMI was more often in the normal range among dual-site consumers (56.4%) compared to non-consumers (43.4%) (p<0.05). Vitamin D deficiency was less prevalent among dual-site consumers (47%) than in other groups (p<0.05). Magnesium (0.86±0.07 mmol/L) and zinc (18.74±2.48 μmol/L) levels were significantly higher in this group (p<0.05). Bone softening prevalence was lower among dual-site consumers (47.8%) compared to non-consumers (58.3%) (p=0.026). No significant associations were found between milk consumption and red blood cell indices. Conclusion Regular milk consumption is associated with improved BMI status, higher serum magnesium and zinc levels, and lower prevalence of bone softening among school-aged children in Ulaanbaatar. These findings support the potential role of school milk programs in enhancing child nutrition and bone health in Mongolia.

Background: Ectopic pregnancy accounts for 1-2 percent of all pregnancies and a certain proportion of maternal death. The incidence of ectopic pregnancies has seen more than 3-fold increase over the last 20 years. In 2004, around 70000 women in the United States were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and it is one for every 250 pregnant women². Ectopic pregnancy case in South Korea is 17.3 per 1000 pregnant women⁹. In Ireland, the prevalence of the ectopic pregnancy increased from 12.8 per 1000 births in 2005 to 17.1 per 1,000 births in 2016⁸. According to the MCHR study in Mongolia, 2.4% of total pregnant women was reported in maternal death. In Ulaanbaatar, 1.3% of the inpatient women were treated due to ectopic pregnancy and 33.7% of gynecologic surgical patients were women with ectopic pregnancy. In 2005, 171 women were hospitalized for ectopic pregnancy and this increased to 647 in 2015⁷. Incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing each year, but this type of comprehensive survey is not enough to provide a basis for selecting the subject. The objective of the study is to study the medical history of inpatient admissions with ectopic pregnancy, retrospectively. Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out through a retrospective database analysis. We studied each patient’s history; total of 615 cases of ectopic pregnancy hospitalized in the Urguu Maternity Hospital, using 5 sections of questionnaires with of 48 questions, between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2016. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 for data processing and estimation of survey findings. Conclusion As a result of this study, the highest rate of ectopic pregnancy is 3.8/100 and the highest incidence of ectopic pregnancy was found among women aged 25-35 years, the youngest patient was 19 and the oldest patient was 49, respectively. A 38.6% of women who diagnosed with ectopic pregnancies had to have abortions, 13% had miscarriage, 42.1% had history of vaginal surgery and 32.6% had history of uterine surgery which is most common causes of ectopic pregnancy.