To investigate the bioelectrochemical enhanced anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) nitrogen removal process, a bioelectrochemical system with coupled anammox cathode was constructed using a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). Specifically, a dark incubation batch experiment was conducted at 30 ℃ with different influent total nitrogen concentrations under an applied voltage of 0.2 V, and the enhanced denitrification mechanism was investigated by combining various characterization methods such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and high-throughput sequencing methods. The results showed that the total nitrogen removal rates of 96.9%±0.3%, 97.3%±0.4% and 99.0%±0.3% were obtained when the initial total nitrogen concentration was 200, 300 and 400 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the cathode electrode biofilm showed good electrochemical activity. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the applied voltage enriched other denitrifying functional groups, including Denitratisoma, Limnobacter, and ammonia oxidizing bacteria SM1A02 and Anaerolineaceae, Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrospira, besides the anammox bacteria. These electrochemically active microorganisms comprised of ammonium oxidizing exoelectrogens (AOE) and denitrifying electrotrophs (DNE). Together with anammox bacteria Candidatus Brocadia, they constituted the microbial community structure of denitrification system. Enhanced direct interspecies electron transfer between AOE and DNE was the fundamental reason for the further improvement of the total nitrogen removal rate of the system.
Denitrification ; Wastewater ; Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation ; Nitrogen ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Bioreactors/microbiology* ; Ammonium Compounds ; Bacteria/genetics* ; Microbiota ; Sewage

Aims: The aim of this study was to reveal the aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial diversity in the supragingival biofilms of healthy caries-free children. Methodology and results: Biofilm sampling was performed by a specialist in the morning at least 12 h after tooth brushing from 6-10 years old children who came to Suleyman Demirel University Pedodontics Clinic. Samples were cultured on selected media. Purified isolates were identified according to 16S rRNA gene sequences. Totally 180 bacterial isolates had obtained. These isolates were identified as 36 different bacterial species belonging to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Species with the highest number of isolates were Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus. Conclusion, significance and impact of study In this study, a total of 180 bacterial isolates had obtained. These isolates were identified as 36 different bacterial species belonging to 3 bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) and 9 bacterial genera. Although our study has certain limitations because it is dependent on culture, since there is no study previously conducted in Turkey to our knowledge, it contains important findings. The research findings reported in this paper will serve as the foundation for studies to be conducted to understand the oral colonization and biofilm dynamics of children and to take protective measures accordingly.
Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Biofilms ; Child Health

Anaerobic infections have been reported to be responsible for 3–10% of pyogenic liver abscesses in Korea, and reported anaerobes include Fusobacterium, Bacillus fragilis, and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Parvimonas micra is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterial species and a constituent of normal flora on skin, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and oral cavity that can cause opportunistic infections. However, it has only rarely been reported to be a cause of liver abscess; only one such case has been reported in Korea. We experienced a case of concomitant liver and brain abscesses caused by Parvimonas micra in a non-immunodeficient 65-year-old female patient without diabetes or periodontal disease. Parvimonas micra infection was confirmed by blood culture using VITEK® 2 cards and by bacterial 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. We conclude that we should not overlook anaerobes as a cause of liver abscess.
Aged ; Bacillus ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Brain Abscess ; Brain ; Female ; Fusobacterium ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Korea ; Liver Abscess ; Liver Abscess, Pyogenic ; Liver ; Mouth ; Opportunistic Infections ; Periodontal Diseases ; Prevotella melaninogenica ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Skin ; Vagina

Halitosis is a very common disease that affects the majority of the population and is characterized by unpleasant odor during expiration. Anaerobic bacteria produce a range of malodorous substances including volatile sulfur compounds. To reduce oral malodor, the amount of oral microorganisms should be managed through brushing, scraping, and use of antibacterial agents. In this study, a mouthwash containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride was tested on 22 candidates with oral malodor for two weeks to confirm oral malodor reduction through the use of antibacterial mouthwashes. Volatile sulfur compound measurements were significantly lower after using the mouthwash than before using it; thus, the mouthwash effectively reduced oral malodor.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Cetylpyridinium ; Halitosis ; Mouth ; Mouthwashes ; Odors ; Sterilization ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Compounds

OBJECTIVES: Blood culture is a one of the most important procedure for diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease, but distribution of pathogenic species and the antimicrobial susceptibility can be vary from pathogen, individual trait, regional or environmental features. In this study, we investigated the changes in frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of blood isolates from 2005 to 2014. METHODS: Data of blood isolates from Kosin Gospel Hospital during 2005 to 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Blood isolates were cultured for 5 days using BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F and BACTEC lytic/10 Anaerobic/F. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using VITEK 1 system, VITEK 2 XL, PHOENIX 100 and conventional method. RESULTS: 9,847 isolates were identified during 10 years. Among the isolates aerobic or falcutative anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 99.5% specimens, anaerobic were 0.1%, and fugi were 0.4%. Most commonly isolated bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) followed by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Candida parapsilosis were most frequently isolated among fungi. The proportion of S. aureus, A. baumannii and E. faecium were increased, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae decreased over decennium. Imipenem resistant K. pneumoniae were identified. Vancomycin resistant E. faecium and imipenem resistant A. baumannii were increased (7.1% in 2005 to 12.3% in 2014, 0% in 2005 to 55.6% in 2014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Over the last 10 year, CoNS were the most frequently isolated pathogen. Imipenem resistant K. pneumoniae was emerged. Vancomycin resistant E. faecium and imipenem resistant A. baumannii increased during this period.
Bacteremia ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Candida ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Escherichia coli ; Fungi ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Imipenem ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Methods ; Pneumonia ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Retrospective Studies ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Vancomycin

Dogs commonly serve as a model for various human conditions, including periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the anaerobic bacteria that colonize the subgingival areas in dogs and humans by using rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based tests and to compare the results obtained in each species. Bacterial microflora evaluations, both quantitative and qualitative, were performed by applying ready-made tests on twelve dogs and twelve humans. Five samples were collected from each subject's deepest gingival pockets and joined to form a collective sample. The results of the study revealed interspecies similarities in the prevalences of Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Red complex bacteria comprised the largest portion of the studied bacterial complexes in all study groups, with P. gingivalis being the most commonly isolated bacterium. The results show similarities in the prevalence of bacterial microflora in dogs and humans. Microbiological analysis of gingival pockets by using rapid real-time PCR-based tests in clinical practice, both veterinary and human, can facilitate the choice of appropriate pharmacological treatment and can provide a basis for subsequent verification of the treatment's effectiveness.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Colon ; Dogs ; Forsythia ; Fusobacterium nucleatum ; Gingival Pocket ; Humans* ; Periodontal Diseases* ; Porphyromonas ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Treponema denticola

Actinomycosis is a slowly progressive, chronic infectious disease. It is caused by the genus Actinomyces, which are gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. It presents as a mass-like lesion, composed of bacterial nidus and characteristic granulomatous inflammatory fibrosis. As such, it has frequently been mistaken for a malignancy. Surgical resection is a common procedure in these patients prior to a definite diagnosis. Although actinomycosis can occur in a variety of regions, including oral-cervicofacial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities, the involvement of the pancreas is very rare. We report a case of a 44-year-old male with a symptomatic actinomycosis caused by a mass in the tail of the pancreas. The diagnosis was made using an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy without surgical resection. After the treatment with antibiotics, the pancreatic mass was confirmed to be resolved on the follow-up computed tomography.
Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis* ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Communicable Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration ; Endosonography ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Pancreas ; Pancreatitis, Chronic* ; Tail

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Gallstones/surgery ; Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria/drug effects/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Metronidazole/therapeutic use ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Septic arthritis is rarely caused by anaerobic bacteria, which is mostly secondary to hematogenous dissemination among the immunocompromised host. We report a patient of septic arthritis on the right knee joint caused by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. To the best of knowledge, this is the first report of septic arthritis caused by Bacteroides spp. in Korea.
Arthritis, Infectious* ; Bacteremia* ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Bacteroides* ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Knee Joint ; Korea ; Multiple Myeloma*

Obligate or facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli specifically colonize and proliferate inside tumor tissues and inhibit tumor growth. Among them, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) has been widely studied in animal cancer models and Phase I clinical trials in human patients. S. typhimurium genes are easily manipulated; thus diverse attenuated strains of S. typhimurium have been designed and engineered as tumor-targeting therapeutics or drug delivery vehicles that show both an excellent safety profile and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. An attenuated strain of S. typhimurium, VNP20009, successfully targeted human metastatic melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in Phase I clinical trials; however, the efficacy requires further refinement. Along with the characteristics of self-targeting, proliferation, and deep tissue penetration, the ease of genetic manipulation allows for the production of more attenuated strains with greater safety profiles and vector systems that deliver designable cargo molecules for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy. Here, we discuss recent progress in the field of Salmonellae-mediated cancer therapy.
Animals ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Bifidobacterium ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic ; Clostridium ; Colon ; Diagnosis ; Escherichia coli ; Genetic Engineering ; Humans ; Melanoma ; Mice ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Salmonella