Objective:To analyze the inflammatory indexes and cytokines levels in serum and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis(CP),and to explore the value of single index or multiple indexes combined detection in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CP.Methods:The serum and saliva speci-mens of 42 CP patients and 38 periodontal healthy people admitted to the Department of Periodontology in Peking University Hospital of Stomatology were detected by inflammatory indexes and cytokines.Accord-ing to clinical periodontal parameters,CP patients were performed by clinical staging,and the correlation between inflammatory indexes and cytokines levels and the severity of CP was analyzed.To evaluate the levels of inflammatory indexes and cytokines in serum and saliva samples in the periodontal health group and CP group.Three inflammatory indexes were involved in this study:C-reactive protein(CRP),serum amyloid A(SAA),procalcitonin(PCT);and 12 cytokines:Interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,IL-12P70,IL-17,interferon(IFN)-α,IFN-γ,and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α).The Spearman correlation statistical method was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of inflammatory indexes and cytokines and the severity of chronic periodontitis.Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify the indicators with differences between the groups,the optimal indicators were identified through binary Logistic regression analysis with stepwise selection,and the area under the curve(AUC)of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency.Results:By testing the levels of inflammatory markers and cytokines in patients with chronic periodontitis with dif-ferent clinical stages,it was found that CRP,SAA,IL-8 in serum and IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17,TNF-α in saliva were significantly positively correlated with the severity of chronic periodontitis.Compared with the periodontal healthy group,the serum levels of CRP,SAA,IL-2,IL-5,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17 and IFN-α in the CP group were significantly increased(All P＜0.05).The AUC of SAA,IL-2,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17,IFN-α,combination 1(IL-2+IL-8)and combination 2(CRP+SAA+IL-12P70)were＞0.7,and the AUC of combination 2(0.998)was the highest,with high sensi-tivity(97.6％)and specificity(97.4％).The levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and IL-12P70 in the saliva of the CP group were significantly higher than those in the periodontal healthy group,while the levels of IL-4 in the saliva were significantly lower than those in the periodontal healthy group(All P＜0.05).The AUC of IL-6,IL-8 and combination 3(IL-4+IL-6+IL-8)were＞0.7,and the AUC of combina-tion 3(0.852)was the highest.In the comparative analysis of diagnostic efficacy between single index and multi-index combined,combination 2,combination 1,and serum IL-8 demonstrated the highest AUC values(ranked top 3),with multi-index combinations exhibiting superior discriminative power over single index.Conclusion:Serum levels of IL-8,CRP,SAA,and salivary levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,and other indicators may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CP.Serum IL-8 and multiple indicators may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic indice to identify CP.

Objective:To analyze the inflammatory indexes and cytokines levels in serum and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis(CP),and to explore the value of single index or multiple indexes combined detection in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CP.Methods:The serum and saliva speci-mens of 42 CP patients and 38 periodontal healthy people admitted to the Department of Periodontology in Peking University Hospital of Stomatology were detected by inflammatory indexes and cytokines.Accord-ing to clinical periodontal parameters,CP patients were performed by clinical staging,and the correlation between inflammatory indexes and cytokines levels and the severity of CP was analyzed.To evaluate the levels of inflammatory indexes and cytokines in serum and saliva samples in the periodontal health group and CP group.Three inflammatory indexes were involved in this study:C-reactive protein(CRP),serum amyloid A(SAA),procalcitonin(PCT);and 12 cytokines:Interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-8,IL-10,IL-12P70,IL-17,interferon(IFN)-α,IFN-γ,and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α).The Spearman correlation statistical method was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of inflammatory indexes and cytokines and the severity of chronic periodontitis.Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify the indicators with differences between the groups,the optimal indicators were identified through binary Logistic regression analysis with stepwise selection,and the area under the curve(AUC)of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency.Results:By testing the levels of inflammatory markers and cytokines in patients with chronic periodontitis with dif-ferent clinical stages,it was found that CRP,SAA,IL-8 in serum and IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17,TNF-α in saliva were significantly positively correlated with the severity of chronic periodontitis.Compared with the periodontal healthy group,the serum levels of CRP,SAA,IL-2,IL-5,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17 and IFN-α in the CP group were significantly increased(All P＜0.05).The AUC of SAA,IL-2,IL-8,IL-12P70,IL-17,IFN-α,combination 1(IL-2+IL-8)and combination 2(CRP+SAA+IL-12P70)were＞0.7,and the AUC of combination 2(0.998)was the highest,with high sensi-tivity(97.6％)and specificity(97.4％).The levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and IL-12P70 in the saliva of the CP group were significantly higher than those in the periodontal healthy group,while the levels of IL-4 in the saliva were significantly lower than those in the periodontal healthy group(All P＜0.05).The AUC of IL-6,IL-8 and combination 3(IL-4+IL-6+IL-8)were＞0.7,and the AUC of combina-tion 3(0.852)was the highest.In the comparative analysis of diagnostic efficacy between single index and multi-index combined,combination 2,combination 1,and serum IL-8 demonstrated the highest AUC values(ranked top 3),with multi-index combinations exhibiting superior discriminative power over single index.Conclusion:Serum levels of IL-8,CRP,SAA,and salivary levels of IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,and other indicators may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CP.Serum IL-8 and multiple indicators may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic indice to identify CP.

Objective: To examine the inflammatory indicators in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), so as to provide insights into early screening and recognition of OSCC. Methods: A total of 86 OSCC patients, 61 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 71 patients without the above diseases were selected from Peking University Hospital of Stomatology and were enrolled in the OSCC group, CP group and control group. Procalcitonin (PCT), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil percentage (NEUT%), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet count and lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were measured in peripheral blood. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the aforementioned inflammatory indicators in OSCC screening. Results: The OSCC group consisted of 46 males and 40 females, with a median age of 59.50 (interquartile range, 18.25) years; the CP group consisted of 32 males and 29 females, with a median age of 53.00 (interquartile range, 14.50) years; the control group consisted of 36 males and 35 females, with a median age of 54.00 (interquartile range, 16.00) years. Compared with the control group and the CP group, the PCT, SAA, CRP, WBC, NEUT%, NLR and PLR in the OSCC group were increased, and the LMR was decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The combined use of PCT, SAA and CRP had a good effect in distinguishing the OSCC group from the control group, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.992, which was higher than the individual identification of the 8 indicators (all P<0.05). The combined use of PCT, WBC, and NLR also had a good effect in distinguishing the OSCC group from the CP group, with an AUC value of 0.841, which was higher than the individual identification of WBC, LMR and PLR (all P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with patients with CP, as well as patients without OSCC and CP, patients with OSCC exhibit significant differences in inflammatory indicator levels, which may facilitate early identification of OSCC.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of anaerobic bacteria in the patients with oral and maxillofacial infection.Methods:Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria cultures from 61 specimens of pus from the patients with oral and maxillofacial infection in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,Peking University School of Stomatology were identified.The culture type was evaluated by API 20A kit and drug resistance test was performed by Etest method.The clinical data and antibacterial agents for the treatment of the 61 cases were collected,and the final outcomes were recor-ded.Results:The bacteria cultures were isolated from all the specimens,with aerobic bacteria only in 6 cases (9 .8%),anaerobic bacteria only in 7 cases (1 1 .5%),and both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 48 cases (78.7%).There were 55 infected cases (90.2%)with anaerobic bacteria,and 81 anaero-bic bacteria stains were isolated.The highest bacteria isolation rate of Gram positive anaerobic bacteria could be found in Peptostreptococcus,Bifidobacterium and Pemphigus propionibacterium.No cefoxitin, amoxicillin/carat acid resistant strain was detected in the above three Gram positive anaerobic bacteria. The highest bacteria isolation rate of Gram negative anaerobic bacteria could be detected in Porphy-romonas and Prevotella.No metronidazole,cefoxitin,amoxicillin/carat acid resistant strain was found in the two Gram negative anaerobic bacteria.In the study,48 patients with oral and maxillofacial infection were treated according to the results of drug resistance testing,and the clinical cure rate was 81 .3%. Conclusion:Mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria cultures are very common in most oral and maxillofa-cial infection patients.Anaerobic bacteria culture and drug resistance testing play an important role in clinical treatment.

Objective:To explore a rapid and cost-effective method for identification of Candida gla-brata through the comparison of two different methods , using molecular methods of sequencing as gold standard.Methods:From our clinic, 200 strains of suspected Candida glabrata were collected during the last 3 years and selected after incubation in CHROMagar Candida medium for 48 h.By comparing the results of the CHROMagar Candida medium, the identification of the rapid trehalose test for different kinds of strains were analyzed under incubation in the tubes for 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h at 37 ℃and 42 ℃, respectively .All the strains were identified to species level by methods of sequencing .The optimal time and temperature of the trehalose test for the identification of Candida glabrata were assessed .Two different methods, CHROMagar Candida medium and the rapid trehalose test , in identification of Candi-da glabrata were compared.Results:In all the 200 strains, Candida glabrata ferment trehalose with 3 h incubation under 42 ℃ were the optimal time and temperature for fermenting trehalose .The accuracy , sensitivity, and specificity of the rapid trehalose test were 99.00% (198/200), 98.66% (147/149) and 100.00%(51/51).The accuracy rate of CHROMagar Candida medium was 79.50%(159/200), the sensitivity and specificity were only 89.93%(134/149) and 49.02%(25/51), however, compared with the domestic current popular methods , the rapid trehalose test had better time efficiency ratio .Con-clusion:The evaluation results suggest that the rapid trehalose test has advantages in terms of operational convenience and low cost , and the results can be obtained in 3 h.Therefore, it has application value in clinical laboratory .

Objective: To explore levels of salivary IgA, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and total proteins in unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of caries-free children. Methods: 94 caries-free children, aged from 42 to 54 months, were recruited from urban kindergartens in Beijing. 2 ml UWS and 2 ml SWS were collected from each child to measure salivary IgA, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and total proteins. Results:1) There were no differences in salivary proteins between boys and girls in both UWS and SWS, except total proteins. In UWS, the concentration of total proteins in girls was lower than that in boys (P0.05). 2) The concentration of IgA in SWS was significantly lower than that in UWS (P0.05). Conclusion:In 3-to 4-year old children, the protein composition in stimulated whole saliva is different from that in unstimulated whole saliva, and it is also different between genders. Therefore, it is more reliable to measure salivary proteins in both UWS and SWS when studying saliva of children.