Background: Pediatric diarrhea is one of the most common diseases among children and is the second leading cause of death and the third most prevalent disease among children worldwide. In Traditional Medicine, pediatric diarrhea is considered to result from an imbalance of the three bodily principles. In the treatment of this condition, Indra-4 decoction, which is traditionally used for its antipyretic and antidiarrheal effects, is commonly administered. Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Indra-4 in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, randomized, controlled (active-control), open-label, single-center clinical trial was conducted. A total of 150 children were enrolled based on a confidence level of P>0.90 and a margin of error of D=10%, and were randomly assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment group received Indra-4 decoction at a dose of 1.5 g twice daily for children aged 2–5 years and 2 g twice daily for children aged 6–9 years. The comparison group received montmorillonite powder at a dose of 2 g three times daily. Treatment was administered for 7 days in both groups. Clinical symptoms were scored and assessed before treatment, on days 3 and 5 of treatment, and after completion of treatment, and the results were compared between the two groups. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia (Approval No. 2026/1-01, January 23, 2026). Result: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, sex distribution, or total symptom scores at baseline (p>0.05), indicating that the groups were comparable. On days 3 and 5 of treatment and after treatment, the total symptom scores in the Indra-4 group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group (p<0.001). The overall treatment efficacy was 92.0% in the Indra-4 group and 78.7% in the comparison group, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=4.315, p=0.038). The percentage reduction in symptom scores was 90.97±4.14% in the Indra-4 group compared with 61.32±5.24% in the comparison group (t=28.072, p<0.001). These findings suggest that Indra-4 decoction may be more effective in reducing symptoms and improving treatment outcomes in children with diarrhea. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the Indra-4 group had significantly greater improvement in the major and accompanying symptoms of pediatric diarrhea, as well as higher overall treatment efficacy and recovery rates, compared with the comparison group. Indra-4 appears to be effective in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea and may be suitable for clinical use.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla. Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B. Clark, Schizostachoum chinense. Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula. Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the anti-fever effects of Lish-6. Marerials and Methods: Fever was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. Lish-6 was given orally at concentration of 92 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hours after the LPS administration. Rectal temperature wa measured 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours after the LPS administration. Paracetamoli was given orally at concentration of 50 mg/kg. Blood levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay using rat kits. Lung tissue was examined by histopathological analysis. Results: The body temperature of rats in the normal group was 35.0±1.10С, while in the control group, periodic fever was caused by the effect of lipopolysaccharide (p=0.001). But in the Lish-6 drug group, rectal temperature decreased steadily (p=0.05). In addition, the IL-1β cytokine in the normal group was 3.24±0.31 ng/L and increased by 60.5% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 31% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). IL-6 cytokine in the normal animals was 21.1±0.2 pg/L and increased by 19.04% in the control, indicating the development of the pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 8.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p =0.05). PGE2 in the normal group was 43.2±0.3 ng/L, and it increased by 62.7% in the control group, indicating the development of a pathological model, while this parameter decreased by 53.3% in the Lish-6 drug group (p=0.05). Conclusion Lish-6 traditional drug has the effect of reducing rectal temperature, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 cytokines during lipopolysaccharide-induced febrile pathology model.

Background: From the perspective of traditional medicine, researchers believe that the individual’s innate quality has a reciprocal effect on the physiological level. The study of body-specific quality differences is important for improving disease risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Therefore, explaining the features of traditional medicine with some physiological parameters and establishing the relationship between them is clinically significant and important for predicting disease risk and developing individualized treatment methods, which is the basis of this research. Aim: To establish the correlation between an individual’s innate unique constitution and specific biochemical indicators. Materials and Methods: The innate unique constitution of individuals was determined using electronic data, and the relationships between their characteristics and levels of uric acid, creatinine, urea, and glucose in the blood were analyzed. Results: A total of 102 participants were included in the study. Among them, the Shar-Khi constitution was the most prevalent, with 28 cases (27.45%), while the Khi-Badgan constitution was the least common, with 13 cases (12.75%). Individuals with the Khi-Shar constitution exhibited the highest urea level at 4.47 ммоль/л, whereas those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 4.15 ммоль/л. The uric acid level was highest in individuals with the Shar-Khi constitution at 316.15 µmol/L and lowest in those with the Badgan-Shar constitution at 261.36 µmol/L (p<0.001). Furthermore, individuals with the Badgan-Khi constitution had the highest creatinine level at 73.51 µmol/L, while those with the Badgan-Shar constitution had the lowest at 63.97 µmol/L (p<0.001). The blood glucose level was highest in individuals with the Khi-Badgan constitution at 4.59 ммоль/л and lowest in those with the Khi-Shar constitution at 4.21 ммоль/л. Kidney function indicators, particularly creatinine, significantly correlated with blood glucose levels (r=0.67, p<0.01). Higher uric acid and creatinine levels were associated with elevated blood glucose levels. These findings suggest that variations in urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels among different unique constitutions could be utilized to predict the risk of kidney disease or diabetes. Conclusion Depending on the individual characteristics of traditional medicine, kidney and blood sugar parameters are different and related to each other, and can assess the state of diabetes and kidney disease. Determining the inherent characteristics of an individual is considered important for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diabetes and kidney disease.

Background: Silybum marianum, as well as known milk thistle, has long been recognized for its hepatoprotective effects, primarily attributed to its active flavonolignan complex, silymarin (an extract from water hyacinth fruit). While the pharmacological effects of silymarin have been studied, research on bioactive peptides derived from Silybum marianum remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the toxicity effects of silybum marianum peptides Marerials and Method: This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of Silybum marianum peptide in mice through a 14-day oral administration experiment. Twenty adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: the experimental group received 200 mg/kg of Silybum marianum peptide daily, while the control group received an equivalent volume of saline solution. Physiological and biochemical parameters, including body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, liver and spleen wet weights, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity, were assessed to determine potential toxic effects. This exploration aims to shed light on the toxicological effects of silybum marianum peptide in mice, providing insights into its potential benefits and challenges. Results: Results indicated no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of body weight, blood glucose levels, or major organ wet weights. Additionally, ALT enzyme activity remained unaffected, suggesting no detectable liver toxicity. Throughout the study, no abnormal behaviors, physical changes, or mortality were observed in the test subjects. Mice in both the silybum marianum peptide and control groups exhibited shiny and soft fur, normal activity, and regular food consumption. These findings indicate that Silybum marianum peptide exhibits good safety and low biological toxicity under the tested conditions, supporting its potential use as a safe dietary supplement or therapeutic agent. Conclusion At the designated dosage, silybum marianum peptide demonstrated good safety and low biological toxicity.

Background: Lish-6 has been used for treatment pharyngitis, flu and throat disease. Lish-6 is composed from Eugenia caryophylla Thumb, Saussurea lappa C.B.Clark, Schizostachoum chinense Rendle, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Gentiana algida Pall, Terminalia chebula Retz. Anti-fever properties of these plants and their bio-active compounds have extensively been studied. Aim: To determine the pain relief and antibacterial effects of Lish-6. Materials and Methods: To conduct acute toxicity study using V.B. Prozorovsk method. Average lethal dose, lethal and maximum nonlethal doses were determined. Acetic acid (1%-0.1 ml) was injected into the rat abdominal cavity to induce pain. Wistar rat of either sex (n = 6) weighing 18–22g were used. All animals were withdrawn from food 2h before the start of experiment and were divided in five groups. Group I was injected with normal saline (10ml/kg) as control, Diclodenk was given orally at concentration of 25 mg/kg. Group II III, IV, V and VI were injected with Lish-6 was given orally at concentrations of 9.2, 18, 36, 92, 184 mg/kg injection of acetic acid. The number of abdominal constrictions (writhes) were counted of acetic acid injection for the period of 20 min. To determine the antibacterial effect by dilution method. Results: Average lethal dose of Lish-6 was found to be LD50=0.92 (0.6-1.04) g/kg suggesting that it is slightly toxic animals. Control group animals abdominal constrictions 72.4±8.8. Lish-6 concentrations of 9.2, 18, 36, 92, 184 mg/kg group animal reduced acitic acid induced pain by 41.9-78.7% suggesting that it is pain relief effect (p<0.001). 4 g of Lish-6 medicine is active against gram-positive bacteria (S.aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia). However, it is inactive against gram-negative bacteria. In other words, Lish-6 medicine inhibits the growth of methicillin-resistant and non-resistant S.aureus bacteria at a dose of 500 mg. It was also found to inhibit Streptococcus pneumonia at a dose of 250 mg. Conclusion Average lethal dose of Lish-6 was found to be LD50=0.92 (0.6-1.04) g/kg suggesting that it is slightly toxic animal. Lish-6 reduced acitic acid induced pain by 41.9-78.7% suggesting that it is pain relief effect. Lish-6 traditional drug has an antibacterial effect.

Objectives: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to develop sarcopenia, an agingrelated disorder, with low muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Ultrasound-derived thigh muscle and rectus femoris thickness (TMT and RFT) can be measured easily in clinical practice, but need validation for use in predialysis CKD (stages III through V) for muscle mass estimation. The study aims to compare ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-derived muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in predialysis CKD. Methods: Patients with stable CKD stage III, IV, V and not yet on dialysis were recruited, and underwent anthropometric assessment, BIA and ultrasound examination of midthigh region. Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI)/height2 derived from BIA was taken as a standard for the diagnosis of low muscle mass. Gait speed and handgrip were also measured. The Asian Working Group criteria were applied. Cutoff values for low muscle mass by TMT and RFT were obtained using receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Results: Of the total of 117 enrolled study participants, 52 (45%) had low muscle mass, 34 (29%) had sarcopenia, of whom 79% were male, majority (38%) were CKD stage IV and had a mean age of 58 years. Using ROC analysis, TMT cutoffs of 19 mm in males and 17 mm in females were computed. Comparison of TMT cutoffs and ASMI/h2 showed good agreement between the 2 methods using Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions Ultrasound-derived TMT and RFT can be used for muscle mass estimation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia.

Abstract Saposhnikovia divaricata, a perennial herb belonging to the family Umbelliferae, is widely distributed in many provinces of Mongolia. The dried root of Saposhnikovia divaricata has been used for the treatment of arthritis and as a painkiller in Mongolian folk medicine. Moreover, its dried root (Radix Saposhnikoviae) is used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the therapy of immune system, nervous system, and respiratory diseases. According to phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the main ingredients of Saposhnikovia divaricata are chromones, coumarins, acid esters, and polyacetylenes. These compounds indicate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory activities. Cimifugin is an active ketone ingredient from Saposhnikovia divaricate, Rhizoma cimicifugae. Cimifugin has been reported to have bacteriostatic and antiviral effects. Studies have reported that cimifugin inhibits allergic inflammation by reducing the levels of cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide extensive information on the traditional use, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology mechanism of action, and health products from Saposhnikovia divaricata .

Background: The prescription of Shar gaa made from the Curcuma longa L., Tribulus terrestris L., Cortex Phellodendri L., Gardenia jasminoides L. By reviewing a lot of relative research papers and the pharmacological dictionaries, we summarized the conclusion that the efficiency components of the Shar gaa extract is effective to control the infection of bacteria and the fungi, to relieve skin inflammation and pain.Aim:We conducted the control experiment to discuss thecontrol effect of the Shar gaa extract to the fungi and the bacteria. Materials and methods:We carried out susceptibility test to fungus and bacterium using medicine dilution method and cup-plate method on the sand clan proof agar culture and nutrient agar culture. The fungi inhibition results show that the Shar gaa extract has the significant restrain effects to all of experimental fungi. It has the better effects to the Microsporum lanosum M.grpseum、T.rubrum、M. canis、C.albicans、Pityrosporum than the 20% Ethanol control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, it has the same affects with the CAILE extract (P>0.05). In addition, the Shar gaa extract of high concentration has no significant difference with the one of the low concentration. This phenomenon demonstrated the truth that the Shar gaa extract has no concentration diversity to inhibit the fungi (P>0.05). On the other hand, the bacterium inhibition results demonstrate that the weak restrain effects of the Shar gaa extract. Regard to the gram positive bacteria (mainly including the S.aureas, Bacillus anthraci, Staphylococcus), the Shar gaa extract has the less effect to control the bacteria than the Penicillin group (P<0.05) and to the gram negative bacteria (the Pseudomonas) the Shar gaa extract has the less effect to control the bacteria than the Gentamicin group (P<0.05). Invalid of the drug-resistant E. coli and the P.mirabilis the Shar gaa extract group. The 20% Ethanol on bacterial group had no inhibitory effect. Conclusion: The Shar gaa extract possessed favourable inhibitory effect to frequent fungus and relative weak inhibitory effect to general bacterium in clinic. The research achievement not only expanded the new type of the Shar gaa -4 tan, but also developed the new usage of the Shar gaa-4 tan. It is to have the potential guide significance to clinical application.

Agleg-4 traditional medicinal drug consists from Smilax Glabra (Liliaceae), Rhododendron Adamsii (Ericaceae), Rheum undulatum (Polyganaceae), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Fabaceae). This traditional medicinal drug’s humidity was 4.5%, ash was 5.4%, and extractive matter the in the water was 20.9%. The suitable thin layer chromatography system was selected as toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:2:0,5). From thin layer chromatography it showed flavanone glycosides. The highest content elements in the traditional medicine were Calcium 14mg/g, Potassium 3.2mg/g, Magnum 2.87mg/g. Agleg - 4 traditional medicine is increasing systolic action of heart so it is increasing kidney’s filtration and clearance and good medicine for kidney’s diseases.

Aglig-4 was produced in the Drug Manufacture of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia. Moisture, substances extracted in water, contents of macro-and microelements, and bioactive compounds of the drug were determined. Moisture of the drug was 4.5 % while substance percentage extracted in water was 20.9. Contents of macro-and microelements per 1 g of Deva-5 were as following: Na1.2 mg (2.8 %), Mg-2.87 mg (6.7 %), P-1.2 mg (2.8 %), S-0.39 mg (0.93 %), Al-0.87 mg (2.03 %), Si-2.71 mg (3.34 %), Ti-0.11 mg (0.26 %), Mn-0.049 mg (0.115 %), Fe0.843 mg (1.967 %), Cu-0.006 mg (0.014 %), and Zn-0.022 mg. Ca, K and Mg were the major elements detected in Deva-5. The most suitable solvent system for Aglig-4 was Tolyol:Ethylacetate:Formic Acid (7:2:0.5). By thin layer chromatography, flavonoid glycosides were determined in Deva-5.