OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of baicalin on the behavioral characteristics of rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to provide a basis for further research on baicalin in the treatment of ADHD.

METHODSA total of 40 SHR rats were randomly divided into model group, methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose baicalin groups, with 8 rats in each group. Eight WKY rats were selected as normal control group. The rats in the MPH group (0.07 mg/mL) and the low- (3.33 mg/mL), medium- (6.67 mg/mL), and high-dose (10 mg/mL) baicalin groups were given the corresponding drugs (1.5 mL/100 g) by gavage twice a day, and those in the normal control group and the model group were given an equal volume of normal saline by gavage twice a day. The course of treatment was 4 weeks for all groups. The open field test was performed to observe total moving distance and average moving speed on day 0 of experiment and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after gavage and to evaluate the control effects of drugs on hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. The Morris water maze test was used to observe the latency, time spent in the target quadrant, and number of platform crossings and to evaluate the effects of drugs on attention.

RESULTSThe open field test showed that the model group and the drug treatment groups had a significantly longer total moving distance and a significantly higher average moving speed than the normal control group on day 0 (P<0.05). On day 7, the MPH group had significant reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed compared with the model group (P<0.05). On day 14, the MPH group and the high-dose baicalin group had significant reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed compared with the model group (P<0.05). The data on days 21 and 28 showed that compared with the model group, the low-, medium-, and high-dose baicalin groups had gradual reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed (P<0.05). The water maze test showed that compared with the model group, the MPH group and the medium- and high-dose baicalin groups had a significantly longer time spent in the target quadrant (P<0.05), and the MPH group and the high-dose baicalin group had a significantly higher proportion of the moving distance in the target quadrant in total moving distance (P<0.05). The high-dose baicalin group had the highest number of platform crossings among all groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBoth baicalin and MPH can regulate the motor ability and learning and memory abilities of SHR rats with ADHD and thus control the core symptoms of ADHD, i.e., hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and inattention. Baicalin exerts its effect in a dose-dependent manner, and high-dose baicalin has the most significant effect, but compared with MPH, it needs a longer time to play its therapeutic effect.

Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Flavonoids ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY

PURPOSE: This study was a meta-analysis designed to identify effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions in alleviating main symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among school-aged children in Korea. METHODS: Examination of several databases including Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, Data Base Periodical Information Academic and hand-searched article references, resulted in identification of 1,298 studies done between 2000 and 2013 of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2.0 was used to analyze effect sizes, explore possible causes of heterogeneity, and check publication bias with a funnel plot and its trim-and-fill analysis. RESULTS: Overall effect size of CBT intervention was large (g=1.08) along with each outcome of self-control (g=1.26), lack of attention (g=1.02), social skills (g=0.92), and hyperactivity (g=0.92). For heterogeneity, moderator analysis was performed, but no significant differences were found between the RCT (Randomized Controlled Trials) group and the NRCT (Non RCT) group. Also, meta-regression was performed using sample size, number of sessions, and length of session as predictors, but no statistically significant moderators were found. Finally, a funnel plot along with trim-and-fill analysis was produced to check for publication bias, but no significant bias was detected. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, there is clear evidence that CBT intervention has significant positive effects on the main symptoms of school-aged children suffering ADHD. Further research is needed to target diverse age groups with ADHD along with more RCT studies to improve the effectiveness of the CBT intervention.
Attention ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*therapy ; Child ; *Cognitive Therapy ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Republic of Korea ; Self-Control/psychology ; Social Skills

PURPOSE: This study explored the effects of neurofeedback training on Electroencephalogram (EEG), Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students. METHODS: Two hundred forty seven college students completed Korean Version of Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-K) and Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). The 16 participants who ranked in the top 25% of CAARS-K score and had 16 less of K-BDI score participated in this study. Among them, 8 participants who are fit for the research schedule were assigned to neurofeedback training group and 8 not fit for the research schedule to the control group. All participants completed Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement at pretest. The neurofeedback group received 15 neurofeedback training sessions (5 weeks, 3 sessions per week). The control group did not receive any treatment. Four weeks after completion of the program, all participants completed CAARS-K, Adult Attention Deficiency Questionnaire, CPT and EEG measurement for post-test. RESULTS: The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, CPT performance and ADHD symptoms than the control group. The improvements were maintained at follow up. CONCLUSION: Neurofeedback training adjusted abnormal EEG and was effective in improving objective and subjective ADHD symptoms in ADHD prone college students.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology/*therapy ; Electroencephalography ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Male ; *Neurofeedback ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Republic of Korea ; Self Concept ; Students/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to investigate psychological problems and clinical outcomes in children with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 25 patients who were diagnosed with PNES between 2006 and 2012. RESULTS: Twenty-five children with PNES, aged 8 to 19 years (mean 13.82), were referred to psychiatrists for psychiatric assessment. On their initial visit, 72% of patients had comorbid psychological problems, including depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, adjustment disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Among these, depression was the most frequent (36%). Predisposing and triggering factors included familial distress (40%), social distress (24%), and specific events (20%). The following treatment was advised based on the results of the initial psychological assessment: 3 patients regularly visited psychiatric clinic to assess their clinical status without treatment, nine underwent psychotherapy, and 13 received a combination of psychotherapy and psychopharmacological therapy. At the mean follow-up of 31.5 months after diagnosis, 20 patients (80%) were event-free at follow-up, three (12%) showed reduced frequency, and two (8%) experienced persistent symptoms. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of PNES in children are much better than those in adults, despite a high rate of psychological comorbidities.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Comorbidity ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/psychology ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Disorders/*diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology ; Psychotherapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo compare the difference in clinical efficacy on children attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between the combined therapy of scalp acupuncture and EGG biofeedback and the simple EEG biofeedback therapy so as to search the better therapeutic method for ADHD.

METHODSOne hundred patients were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 50 cases in each one. In the control group, the simple EEG biofeedback therapy was adopted. In the observation group, on the basis of biofeedback therapy, scalp acupuncture was added and applied to Dingzhongxian (MS 5), Dingpangyixian (MS 8), Baihui (GV 20), Sishencong (EX-HN 1), etc. The ten treatments made one session. After four sessions of treatment, FIQ value in Wechsler intelligence scale, CIH score in Conners children behavior questionnaire, the ratio of 0 wave and p wave in EEG, FRCQ and FAQ in the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) and clinical comprehensive efficacy were observed before and after treatment in the two groups separately.

RESULTSThree cases were dropped out in the observation group and 2 cases were out in the control group. In the two groups, FIQ, FRCQ and FAQ were all increased after treatment (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); the increases in the observation group were much more significant than those in the control group after treatment (all P < 0.05). In the two groups, CIH score and the ratio of 0 wave and p wave were all reduced after treatment (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); the reduction in the observation group were much more apparent as compared with those in the control group (both P< 0.05). The total effective rate was 91.5% (43/47) in the observation group and better than 83. 3% (40/48, P < 0.01) in the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe combined therapy of scalp acupuncture and EEG biofeedback achieves the superior efficacy on children ADHD as compared with the simple biofeedback therapy. This combined therapy rapidly relieves the essential symptoms of ADHD and improves EEG waveform in children patients. Importantly, this therapy obtains and consolidates the significant efficacy.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; psychology ; therapy ; Biofeedback, Psychology ; Child ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Scalp

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of parent training combined with methylphenidate treatment on family relationships in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

METHODSFifty-nine parents of children with ADHD under methylphenidate treatment participated in a modified 5-week training program. The intervention effect was evaluated using the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire, ADHD Rating Scale-IV Home Version (ADHD-RS-IV Home Version), Caregiver Strain Questionnaire, Parent-Child Relationship Self-rating Scale and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Parents also completed the training satisfaction survey before and after the intervention.

RESULTSAfter the 5-week parent training, compared with the baseline values, total scores of Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire and scores of conduct problems and anxiety significantly decreased, and scores of attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity and oppositional defiant behaviors of ADHD-RS-IV Home Version, and Caregiver Strain Questionnaire total scores were all significantly decreased (P<0.05), while total scores of the Parent-Child Relationship Self-Rating Scale and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale were significantly increased (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSModified 5-week parent training program may improve parent-child relationship and reduce parenting stress in ADHD families.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methylphenidate ; therapeutic use ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parents ; education ; psychology ; Self Concept

OBJECTIVETo investigate influential factors for the tendency to medicate and medication compliance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

METHODSA total of 188 children aged from 5 to 16 years, who were initially diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria, were included in the study. They underwent symptom assessment and cognitive function test. The compliance of methylphenidate treatment was evaluated.

RESULTSPatients with better emotional state, and fewer oppositional and hyperactive behaviors and those who had a family history of psychiatric diseases and who obtained lower scores in the number cancellation test (NCT), were more prone to medication and/or exhibited better medication compliance. Logistic regression analysis showed that fewer oppositional and hyperactive behaviors and lower NCT scores were the predictive factors for a higher tendency to medicate, and a better emotional state was the predictive factor for better medication compliance. Patients of predominantly inattentive type were more prone to medication and showed better medication compliance, as compared with those of combined type. Gender, age and symptom severity were not associated with the tendency to medicate and/or medication compliance.

CONCLUSIONSThere is a need to enhance medication compliance in children with ADHD who have hyperactive, impulsive and oppositional behaviors, and to improve their long-term social functions.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; Methylphenidate ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVEAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder in children. When the children fulfill cognition tasks, brain theta wave activity increases and beta wave activity weakens. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback therapy for ADHD in children by assessing the changes of the ratio of brain theta to beta waves and the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT).

METHODSEEG biofeedback therapy was performed in 30 children with ADHD. The ratio of brain theta to beta waves was measured before and after therapy. IVA-CPT was used to assess the effectiveness of biofeedback therapy.

RESULTSAfter two courses of treatment, the mean ratio of brain theta to beta waves in the 30 children with ADHD was significantly reduced from 12.32+/-4.35 (before treatment) to 6.54+/-1.27 (p<0.01). IVA-CPT demonstrated that the values of six indexes measured, including integrate reaction control quotient, integrate attention quotient, auditory and visual reaction control quotients, auditory and visual attention control quotients, were significantly increased after biofeedback therapy (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSEEG biofeedback can reduce the ratio of brain theta to beta waves and lead to significant decreases in inattention and hyperactivity and it is effective for treatment of ADHD in children.

Adolescent ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Biofeedback, Psychology ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Male

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parenting from the parents of children with ADHD and to develop a grounded theory about their experiences. METHOD: This study was a qualitative research study that used a grounded theory to understand and discuss the parenting experiences of parents of children with ADHD in a greater depth. Grounded data was collected through an in-depth interview from twelve participants with ADHD children. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method. RESULTS: "Approaching the normal" emerged as the core phenomenone. Parenting experiences for parents of children with ADHD referred to a process of bringing the children, back on track of normal growth development, and their functioning in the family at a normal level and establishing a new normalcy. The process of approaching the normal involved a basic social-psychological process, such as 'living a day in hell', 'accepting', 'confronting the conflicts', 'lowering expectations', and 'making a new normalcy'. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study, which observed the parenting process of parents of children with ADHD, could enhance nurses' understanding of ADHD and help nurses become major mental health service providers for the mental health of children with ADHD and their families.
Adult ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*nursing/psychology ; Family Therapy ; Female ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting/*psychology ; Problem Solving

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; psychology ; therapy ; Behavior Therapy ; methods ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) ; Social Adjustment ; Treatment Outcome ; United States