BACKGROUND : The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and six-minute walk test (6MWT) assess cardiorespiratory endurance in sedentary populations, with the ISWT being externally paced and the 6MWT self-paced. This study aimed to evaluate whether both tests produce comparable cardiorespiratory responses. METHODS : 100 healthy sedentary adults (18–59 years) from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital completed both tests. Outcomes measured included distance traveled, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and Borg scale scores (rating of perceived exertion [RPE], dyspnea, and leg fatigue). RESULTS : Of 100 sedentary adults (25 men, 75 women), the ISWT resulted in significantly longer walking distances (p<0.001), higher post-test Borg dyspnea scores (median [interquartile range]: 2 [1–3]) versus 1 [0–2]; p = 0.024), and the higher HRmax (70.9 [9.2%] bpm versus 67.9 [10.9%] bpm; p = 0.004) compared to the 6MWT. No significant differences were observed in other parameters, and Bland–Altman analysis revealed no proportional bias for Borg leg fatigue scores (p = 0.561). CONCLUSIONS In healthy sedentary adults, the 6MWT and ISWT showed no agreement in distance traveled, Borg dyspnea scale scores, or HRmax, but they agreed on Borg leg fatigue scores.
exercise test ; exercise tolerance ; incremental shuttle walk test ; physical fitness ; six-minute walk test

This study examined the regulatory effects of autonomic nervous system on aerobic endurance exercise performance in cold exposure, focusing on heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) across genders. Thirty participants (17 males and 13 females) from a university track endurance program, classified as exercise grade II or above, underwent monitoring of HRV in time domain, frequency domain, nonlinear correlation indices and 1 min HRR. Measurements were taken before, during, and after aerobic endurance exercise in cold and normal environments, respectively. The results were as follows. (1) The duration of aerobic endurance exercise completed by all the subjects in cold environment was significantly increased compared with that in normal environment. The 1 min HRR after aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment was significantly lower than that in normal environment, and the decrease in the males was significantly higher than that in the females. (2) The time domain analysis results showed that, prior to the aerobic endurance exercise, there were no significant difference of standard deviation from the mean value of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and percentage of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50) between cold and normal environments. During aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment, SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 were significantly higher than those in normal environment, with the females showing significantly greater increases compared with those of the males. The levels of SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 in the males at different time points under different environments were significantly lower than those in the quiet state; The levels of SDNN and RMSSD of the females at different time points under different environments were significantly lower than those in the quiet state, while the pNN50 at different time points under cold environments was significantly lower than that in the quiet state. (3) Frequency domain analysis results showed that, prior to the aerobic endurance exercise, there was no significant difference of high frequency normalized units [HF (n.u.)], low frequency normalized units [LF (n.u.)] and LF/HF ratio between cold and normal environments. During aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment, the levels of HF (n.u.) significantly increased compared to normal environment in the females, while LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio levels significantly decreased compared to normal environments. The levels of HF (n.u.), LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio of different genders at different time points in the different environments showed no significant changes, compared to those in the quiet state. (4) Non-linear analysis results showed a significant increase in SD1 (standard deviation perpendicular to the line-of-identity)/SD2 (standard deviation along the line-of-identity) ratio during aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment in the females, while no significant changes were observed in the males. SD1/SD2 ratios in the males at different time points and in the females at 1 min under cold environments were significantly higher than those in the quiet state. These findings suggest that aerobic endurance performance increases during cold exposure, accompanied by gender-specific differences in the regulation of autonomic nervous system. Females exhibit higher vagal activity and faster autonomic nervous system recovery compared to males.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology* ; Cold Temperature ; Exercise/physiology* ; Physical Endurance/physiology* ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiology* ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Sex Factors

Objective To investigate the effects of rotation stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on subjective outcomes,sport performance,psychological readiness,and return to sport. Methods The patients who underwent ACLR in the Sports Hospital,National Institute of Sports Medicine,General Administration of Sport of China from January 2015 to January 2021 were followed up during the period from November 2022 to December 2023.The patients were grouped according to the results of the pivot shift test (PST) of the affected knee at the last follow-up visit.A total of 66 patients who participated in the follow-up and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were finally enrolled in this study,including 32 patients showing a negative PST result (stable group) and 34 patients showing a positive PST result (unstable group).The basic information,subjective function score,and return-to-sport performance were compared between the two groups. Results In terms of sport performance,the two groups showed differences in the limb symmetry index in single-leg hops,triple hops,and crossover hops (P=0.028,P=0.024,and P=0.044,respectively).The anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury scale score was higher in the stable group than in the unstable group [(70.44±22.82) scores vs. (53.44±21.74) scores,P=0.003].The mean of KT-2000 test results in the stable group was lower than that in the unstable group [(0.53±1.02) mm vs. (2.06±2.31) mm,P=0.001].The Lysholm score,international knee documentation committee score,knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score,Tegner score,and Marx score did not have significance between the two groups (all P>0.05).The return-to-sport rate was 43.8% (including 14.3% reaching safe return criteria,which accounted for 6.3% in all the patients) in the stable group and 35.3% (including 8.3% reaching safe return criteria,which accounted for 2.9% in all the patients) in the unstable group.There was no difference in the 60°/s isokinetic muscle strength,maximal muscle strength ratio of the affected extensor-flexor muscles,or Y-balance test result between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions Knee joint rotational instability after ACLR results in poor performance in single-leg hops,triple hops,and crossover hops,low psychological readiness,and anterior-posterior knee laxity.In short- to medium-term follow-up for ACLR,the return-to-sport rate remained low regardless of knee joint rotational stability,with the majority of patients failing to meet safe return criteria.
Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction/rehabilitation* ; Male ; Female ; Knee Joint/surgery* ; Athletic Performance/physiology* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/physiopathology* ; Adult ; Joint Instability/physiopathology* ; Return to Sport ; Rotation ; Young Adult

Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the physical health level of students of different school-age segments in four regions of Anhui province using the entropy weight approximation ideal solution ranking method (TOPSIS), and to provide a scientific method and basis for conducting school health work evaluation. Methods: Using the physical fitness survey data of four regions in Anhui province, the entropy weight method was used to draw the weights of various indicators for different school-age segments of men and women. Then, the TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the school-age segments of men and women in the four regions. Finally, the physical health level of students in four regions was classified according to the results of entropy weight TOPSIS and the rank sum ratio method. Results: A total of 10 127 students were included in this study, with an average age of (11.85±3.82) years, including 5 050 males (49.8%) and 5 072 urban students (50.1%). The results of the entropy weight method showed that the weight of body mass index of boys was similar to that of girls in each school-age segment. According to the TOPSIS and rank sum ratio analysis, the physical health level of students in the four regions of Anhui province was different. The physical health score of Suzhou was 0.617 4 points, which was classified as the best grade. The scores of Hefei and Wuhu were 0.556 3 and 0.411 2, which were classified as middle. Jiju City scored 0.381 9 points, which was classified as poor. Conclusion: TOPSIS combined with rank sum ratio can reflect the level of students' physical health, which can be applied to the evaluation of students' physical health and provide a basis for monitoring students' physical health .
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Child ; Adolescent ; Entropy ; Health Status ; Physical Fitness ; Students ; Body Mass Index

The present study aims to establish comprehensive evaluation models of physical fitness of the elderly based on machine learning, and provide an important basis to monitor the elderly's physique. Through stratified sampling, the elderly aged 60 years and above were selected from 10 communities in Nanchang City. The physical fitness of the elderly was measured by the comprehensive physical assessment scale based on our previous study. Fuzzy neural network (FNN), support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) models for comprehensive physical evaluation of the elderly people in communities were constructed respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the comprehensive physical fitness evaluation models constructed by FNN, SVM and RF were above 0.85, 0.75 and 0.89, respectively, with the FNN model possessing the best prediction performance. FNN, RF and SVM models are valuable in the comprehensive evaluation and prediction of physical fitness, which can be used as tools to carry out physical evaluation of the elderly.
Aged ; Humans ; Physical Fitness ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Exercise ; Machine Learning

Genetic factors play a key role in human athletic ability, and endurance quality and explosive power quality are the important components of athletic ability. In this review, we aimed to reveal the biological genetic mechanism of human athletic ability at the molecular level through summarizing the relationship between genetic variants and human athletic ability, including endurance quality related genetic markers angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, creatine kinase MM (CKMM) gene and explosive power quality related genetic markers alpha actinin 3 (ACTN3) gene, angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and interleukin6 (IL6) gene. Meanwhile, we also summarized the distribution of allele frequencies among various populations.
Actinin/genetics* ; Athletic Performance ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Markers ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Faculty ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lipids ; Male ; Physical Fitness ; Universities

Aviation ; Humans ; Physical Fitness ; Resistance Training ; Schools ; Students

The concept of fitness nursing has not been fully defined in the nursing profession but has slowly emerged due to the increasing interest of people in physical fitness and a healthy lifestyle. Hence, this analysis aims to add Fitness Nursing to the body of nursing knowledge that is currently undefined. Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis will be used to discover the concept. Definitions of the concept are presented along with related terms. Antecedents, attributes, and consequences of the concept are presented in detail. Model, borderline, related, contrary and invented cases are presented to provide a rich representation of the concept. Empirical referents and nursing implications are presented. The concept of Fitness Nursing can be defined as the combined science of nursing with the art of personal training that focuses on health promotional activities and disease preventive measures through physical fitness. The defining attributes are physical training and health coaching. The consequence of Fitness Nursing may be presented in two aspects, Individual aspect includes increased vitality, a better body shape, higher self-esteem, better fitness overall, and most importantly, avoidance of chronic illnesses. As for the community, the outcome would be a healthier community with increased productivity and increased lifespan.
Physical Fitness

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a smartphone application-based exercise program on self-efficacy expectations (SEE) and outcome expectations regarding exercise (OEE), physical fitness, activity level, physiological indices, and health-related quality of life in a sample of hemodialysis patients.METHODS: A quasi-experimental control group pre-test post-test design was used. Subjects were recruited from two university hospitals in G city. The subjects were assigned randomly by coin toss: 33 participants to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. A literature review and the self-efficacy theory were used to develop the smartphone program. Experts designed and verified the program to be userfriendly and in consideration of user interaction. Data were collected through a self-report pre-test post-test questionnaire and online medical records.RESULTS: In the experimental group, the levels of physical fitness and physical activity were significantly improved post-test, but the scores on health-related quality of life and the physical indices did not improve. In the experimental group, the SEE and OEE post-test scores were also significantly higher than the pre-test scores, but the control group's scores did not change.CONCLUSION: The smartphone application-based exercise program based on self-efficacy theory significantly improved the level of physical fitness and activity, SEE, and OEE for hemodialysis patients. The use of this application-based exercise program for hemodialysis patients might be an effective nursing intervention tool for improving SEE, OEE, level of physical fitness, and physical activity.
Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Motor Activity ; Numismatics ; Nursing ; Physical Fitness ; Quality of Life ; Renal Dialysis ; Self Efficacy ; Smartphone