Background: A 2024 study by the National Statistical Office of Mongolia indicate an incidence rate of 38.8 per 100 000 population, with a total of 8169 new cancer cases diagnosed, of which 16.2% are gastric cancers. Notably, 64.4% of these diagnoses are made at advanced stages.2 Surgical intervention remains one of the most effective treatments for gastric cancer. Early-stage surgery confers a 5-year survival rate of 60-80%, whereas late-stage diagnosis reduces this to 18-50%.5 This study aims to investigate the causes, types, and contributing factors of postgastrectomy anemia in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer in Mongolia, where no prior study has been conducted on this topic. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed all patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia from 2022 to 2024. Data on demographics, lifestyle factors, clinical signs of anemia, and comorbidities were collected from medical records and confirmed by direct examination. Results: A total of 788 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer were included in the study, of whom 70.5% were male and 29.5% female, aged 22–70 years (mean age 46 years). Among the total cases, 461 patients underwent total gastrectomy, 128 had distal gastrectomy with gastrojejunal anastomosis, 39 underwent partial gastrectomy, 3 had gastrectomy with duodenal anastomosis, 5 underwent gastrectomy with esophagogastric anastomosis, and 6 underwent bypass procedures. Conclusions Postoperative monitoring after gastric surgery was insufficient, and there was a tendency for anemia to progress.

BACKGROUND. When the body of musty and changed, a long time in the water can be difficult to identify soft tissue injury. For detecting hemorrhage in changed tissues we are using the method named after German doctor G.Lepchne, born in 1887. The method, based on the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin pigment. It is recommended to stain frozen slices.Erythrocytes and hemoglobin are colored in a dark brown color. Reagent: 2 ml 0.6% benzidine solution, 0.5 perhydrol, 4.5 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol Since 20148 we have been using the method in four cases. The result was useful for detecting injuries.

Risk management practice and decision making are paramount for doctors to improving patient outcomes and managing the total cost of risk in our evolving healthcare landscape. In Mongolia there are no legal regulations about health professional’s liability insurance. The aim of the study is to provide relative information about the legal environment, systems and financing of liability insurancefor health professionals in selected foreign countries and Mongolia and to look at what policies and regulations could be applied to Mongolia.We carried out a policy study focused on health professionals’ liability insurance in four selectedcountries. We investigated health professionals’ liability insurance situation in Mongolia in the year of 2012-2014 byReviewing and analyzing the data related to health professionals liability insurance voluntary from the top six insurance companies’ by size and interviewing managerial level staff at these companies Studying court decisions related to health professionals’ errors to see how many health professionals could be prevented from court hearing Studying patients’ complaints against health professionals as filed with the Ministry of Health andSports to see how much risks are facing by health professionals.There are two main legal systems we discovered regarding resolution of health professionals’accountability for patient complaints: Court sentencing. Examples include Mongolia and the United States. Reimbursing the loss. Examples include Switzerland, Finland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, England, and the Russian Federation. There are two insurance types for health professional’s liability: А. Compulsory B. Voluntary1 In USA, Canada and England, the liability insurance system for health care providers developed late in 19th and earlier in 20th century. Today, both private and nonprofit insurance entities in these countries insure health professionals and members of the health professionals’ association. England has rich experience of health professional’s liability insurance and the system is too large. Data fromthe England legal system shows that one case may take up to 4 years to receive a final decision. In order to determine health professionals’ fault with regard to claims, a health professionals’ liability damage assessor is needed who is well experienced and trained in healthcare law. Mostly not more than 30 percent of the claims are reimbursed. In Canada, statistical trends show claims against health professionals continue to increase. As a result, doctors prescribe additional laboratory tests and other additional investigations which increase health sector costs. In Russia in 2010 the health professional’s liability insurance law is approved and the implementationwill start January 2017. In Mongolia in 2012-2014, there were registered 373 complaints and errors against health professionals and 162 clients applied court complaints. During this period, 27 health professionals received court sentences. Health professionals liability insurance premium is calculated 0.8-3.5 percent of the insurance valuation. In 2012-2014 total 4377 health professionals insured voluntarily against professional liability.In most developed countries health professionals are protected from sentence to court. Averagecomplaints against health professionals have continued to increase steadily similarly in other countries.Therefore health professional’s professional risk is increasing. It shows that it is very important to improve the legal environment of the liability insurance system for Mongolian health professionals. of coronary atherosclerosis.