Background: Teaching is a profession associated with high levels of stress. Research has shown that when job demands are high while organizational support is insufficient, levels of stress and burnout increase. Aim: Prior to conducting our study aimed at determining the stress levels among university faculty members, we performed a literature review. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Embase databases for studies published in English without restriction on publication year, including all relevant articles available up to September 2025. The search strategy included the following keywords: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” Results: We searched for English-language publications in the PubMed and Embase databases without year restrictions, including studies published up to September 2025. The search was conducted using the following mesh terms: “stress,” “researchers,” “university professors,” “academic researchers,” “college,” “academics,” “scholars,” “teachers,” and “professors.” A total of 3,961 articles were identified from the database search. After screening titles, 2,944 articles were excluded. Subsequently, 58 articles were reviewed based on their abstracts, and 12 studies that were relevant to our research objectives and questionnaire were selected for analysis. Conclusion This review study demonstrated that stress levels among university and college faculty members are high. Stress is associated with multiple factors, including workload, organizational support, and performance demands, leading to negative physical and psychological consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to implement systematic institutional-level interventions to support the well-being of faculty members.

Background: Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. is a perennial shrubby plant of the family Ephedraceae, naturally distributed in the dry and cold desert regions of Mongolia. In traditional medicine, the stems and roots of this plant have been used as decoctions for the treatment of gastrointestinal spasms, abdominal distension, urinary retention, and general fatigue. Members of the Ephedraceae family are known to contain sympathomimetic alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which exert strong physiological effects on the central nervous system, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular system. However, detailed information on the tissue- and cell-level localization of biologically active compounds and the microstructural characteristics of E. przewalskii remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microanatomical structure and histochemical characteristics of the stem and root of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf., with particular emphasis on the localization of biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected in July from Chandmani soum, Govi-Altai province, Mongolia. The collected material was air-dried in the shade and softened using Ostrich and Fleming solution prior to sectioning. Transverse sections of the stem and root were prepared using a hand microtome and examined under an Olympus light microscope. Histochemical analyses were performed using standard reagents to detect alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, essential oils, polysaccharides, and starch. Results: The stem epidermis consisted of thin-walled, quadrangular cells with a surface covered by spherical protuberances. The stomatal apparatus exhibited a tetracytic structure, and photosynthetic activity was primarily localized in the stem chlorenchyma. The vascular bundles were collateral, with phloem located externally and xylem internally. Idioblasts containing reddish-brown crystalline inclusions were observed in the central pith of the stem. The root showed a polyarch central cylinder, with uniformly distributed, rounded parenchymal cells, and idioblasts similar to those observed in the stem. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and tannins in the stem, predominantly localized in parenchymal and chlorenchymal tissues. In the root, polysaccharides, tannins, and starch were detected, whereas alkaloid accumulation was more prominent in the stem parenchyma. Conclusion The microscopic examination of Ephedra przewalskii Stapf. revealed the characteristic structures of the stem epidermis, stomata, chlorenchyma, vascular tissues, and crystal-containing idioblasts, as well as a polyarch central cylinder in the root. Histochemical reactions detected flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, starch, and polysaccharides in the stem, whereas tannins, starch, and polysaccharides were identified in the root. These findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the anatomical and chemical features of the different plant organs.

Background: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to oxidative stress and xenobiotic exposure. However, excessive NRF2 activation can enhance cancer cell survival and contribute to chemoresistance. Therefore, increasing attention has been directed toward naturally occurring flavonoids that may modulate NRF2 activity. Molecular docking provides a computational approach for predicting potential interactions between flavonoids and NRF2 and may help identify candidate compounds for further investigation in cancer therapy. Objective: To evaluate the potential interactions of five naturally occurring flavonoids—daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin—with the Neh1 domain of NRF2 using molecular docking and to identify promising candidates for further investigation based on docking scores and ligand efficiency. Materials and Methods: The potential interactions of five natural flavonoids, namely daidzin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, with the target region of NRF2 were investigated using molecular docking. Three-dimensional structures of the flavonoids were retrieved from the PubChem database, while the NRF2 protein structure was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Molecular docking calculations were performed using the CB-Dock2 web platform, which incorporates the AutoDock Vina algorithm. Results: The docking scores of the selected flavonoids ranged from −64.9 to −77.2. Daidzin exhibited the most favorable docking score (−77.2), followed by apigenin (−72.0) and luteolin (−71.4), whereas rutin showed the least favorable score (−64.9). The calculated RMSD values ranged from 14.766 to 15.344 Å, with relatively small differences among the ligands. Daidzin and apigenin exhibited comparatively lower RMSD values. The reported pose-clustering analysis indicated that all ligands occupied similar binding regions. In terms of ligand efficiency, apigenin (−2.40), luteolin (−2.30), and quercetin (−2.20) showed comparatively favorable values. Although daidzin had the most favorable docking score, its ligand efficiency relative to molecular size was comparatively lower. Conclusion The results suggest that daidzin and apigenin may be candidate compounds for further investigation of potential interactions with the Neh1 domain of NRF2. However, these findings are based solely on computational analysis. Further molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies are required to validate the predicted interactions and determine their actual effects on NRF2 activity.

Background: Organ transplantation has been rapidly advancing in Mongolia in recent years. The number of successful kidney, liver, and bone marrow transplants performed in national central hospitals has been increasing annually. While the number of successful kidney transplants is increasing, post-transplant immune monitoring remains insufficiently studied. Aim: To assess post-transplant immune status by analyzing inflammatory cytokine levels in kidney transplant recipients Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia. Serum samples from kidney transplant recipients were analyzed using flow cytometry to measure the levels of 13 inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β1, PAI-1, sTREM-1, PTX3, sCD40L, sCD25 (IL-2Ra), CXCL12 (SDF-1), sST2, sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, sRAGE, CX3CL1 (Fractalkine), and sCD130 (gp130). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the results. Results: The mean creatinine level significantly decreased on post-transplant days 7 and 30 compared to pre-transplant levels (p<0.001, ANOVA). No statistically significant difference was found in the 13 cytokine levels between the high risk and low-risk groups based on creatinine levels on post-transplant day 30 (p>0.05). However, the levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI showed statistically significant differences between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between the measured cytokine levels and CRP (p > 0.05). On post-transplant day 7, sTREM-1 had a weak correlation with TGF-β1 (r=0.40, p=0.02) and sTNF-RI (r=0.36, p=0.05) but showed a strong correlation with CX3CL1 (r=0.65, p=0.0001). On post-transplant day 30, sTREM-1 remained strongly correlated with CX3CL1 (r=0.73, p=0.0001) and moderately correlated with sTNF-RI and TGF-β1 (r=0.45, p=0.01). Conclusions 1. The levels of TGF-β1, CX3CL1, sTREM-1, and sTNF-RI significantly varied between post-transplant days 7 and 30 (p< 0.05, T-test). 2. On post-transplant day 30, these cytokines were not correlated with CRP but were interrelated among themselves.

Background: Obesity, especially central obesity, is a risk factor for non-communicable chronic diseases such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Aim: Study the association between the subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and visceral fat area (VFA) with lipid metabolism parameters in adults with MetS. Materials and Methods: Data from 1511 participants who visited the ‘NURA Mongolia’ Ai Health screening center between September 2023 and February 2024, including general information, DEXA (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), and biochemical analysis results, were used. Metabolic syndrome (MeS) was assessed based on the harmonizing criteria 2009 (≥3 criteria). VFA and SFA were categorized into four groups using quartiles (Q1-Q4). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26, including T-tests, multiple logistic regression (OR, 95% CI), and ROC (AUC) analysis. Results: The average age of the participants was 30.5±3.9 years, with a BMI of 25.1 kg/m², and 49.5% were male. The group with MetS (n=531) had significantly higher levels of VFA and SFA compared to the group that rated their health as relatively healthy and had no clinical diagnosis (n=979) (control group) (p<0.0001), with males showing higher VFA and females showing higher SFA (p<0.0001). The Q4 group for VFA had a significant association with MetS in males (4.611, 95% CI=2.394–9.591) and females (2.253, 95% CI=1.097-3.912) (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that increased VFA was more strongly associated with MetS in males (β=0.325, p<0.0001) and females (β=0.338, p<0.003) than BMI. The AUC for predicting MetS was 0.790 (95% CI=0.750-0.831) for VFA and 0.401 (95% CI=0.351-0.451) for SFA, with all results being statistically significant (p<0.001). VFA had a higher predictive value compared to other markers. Conclusion In healthy men with metabolic syndrome, VFA is more prominently defined, while SFA is higher in healthy women. Since VFA is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than SFA, it increases the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes in men, whereas SFA in women serves as a protective factor.

Background: Determining refractive errors among general education school students by age and gender Methods: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional model based on the examination records of 5,202 students from School No. 24 and School No. 37 by the ophthalmologist of the Chingeltei District Health Center in Ulaanbaatar. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The average age of all students included in the study was 11.37 ± 3.27 years. Among the participants, 62% (n = 3,208) were from School No. 24, and 38% (n = 1,994) were from School No. 37. Of the students from School No. 24, 18.6% (n = 597) had refractive errors. Specifically: Myopia was present in 17.2% (n = 552), with 6.1% male and 11.1% female. Hypermetropia was found in 0.68% (n = 22), with 0.43% male and 0.25% female. Astigmatism was detected in 0.72% (n = 23), with 0.34% male and 0.38% female. From School No. 37, 6.23% (n = 200) of students were diagnosed with refractive errors. Specifically: Myopia affected 5.23% (n = 168), with 1.96% male and 3.27% female. Hypermetropia was found in 0.16% (n = 5), with 0.07% male and 0.09% female. Astigmatism was present in 0.84% (n = 23), with 0.28% male and 0.56% female. There is a very weak negative correlation between myopia and age, as well as between myopia and gender, which is statistically significant. There is also a very weak negative correlation between astigmatism and age, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Our study found that among the types of refractive errors, myopia was the most common, with female students being more susceptible compared to males. The two schools included in the study represent both central (School No. 24) and peripheral (School No. 37) areas of Ulaanbaatar. Refractive errors were found to be more prevalent among students from the central school (School No. 24).

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) recipients frequently develop complication kidney dysfunction (KD), but the predisposing factors and long-term consequences of KD are not well understood. Post-LT complications that lead to graft failure and patient morbidity/mortality can be generally categorized as vascular, biliary, parenchymal and malignant. Main reasons for our study are to identify complications’ rate for early post-transplant KD and to evaluate the post-LT patients and graft survival rate. Aim: Our aim was to evaluate complications in recipients with early post-transplant KD and to investigate the survival rate after LT. Material and Methods: This study retrospectively and prospectively analyzed the demographic characteristics, preoperative and perioperative clinical parameters, as well as postoperative outcomes of patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia (FCHM) between September 2011 and December 2024. Renal function was evaluated by estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Cockcroft-Gault creatinine clearance formula at baseline (pre-transplantation) and at 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days following LT. Early and late complications following LT were classified according to the international classification. Ethical approval for the study was obtained at a meeting of the Research Ethics Review Board of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Results: In our study KD rate was 29.7%. Several factors increased the risk of KD among recipients. Post-LT complications’ related risk factors for KD was high MELD score (OR, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.06-1.16), Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores of B and C (OR, 5.57; 95%CI, 1.27-24.52 and OR, 8.21; 95%CI, 1.87–36.54), comorbidities (OR, 1.92; 95%CI, 1.14-3.23), post-LT acute bleeding (OR, 3.22; 95%CI, 1.22-8.46), early relaparotomy for revision (OR, 3.12; 95%CI, 1.34-7.28 respectively. Additionally, the survival rates for recipients with post-LT KD were 90.7% at 1 year and 81.3% at 3 years. Conclusions 1. Variables like a recipient high age (p<0.001), female gender (p<0.001), elevated liver function scores (p<0.002), comorbidities (p=0.013), severe ascites (p=0.001), preop intensive care (p=0.026) are pre-LT risk factors for post- LT KD. 2. Acute bleeding (p=0.013), early revision (p=0.006) are risk factors for post-LT KD. 3. Early KD in recipients who underwent LT affects both patient survival (Log Rank p=0.522; HR 1.3) and graft survival (Log Rank p=0.457; HR 1.26).

Purpose: Researchers suggest that the prevalence of infertility varies between developing and developed countries, with differences in infertility care, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and reproductive disorders such as pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections being the main risk factors. The research project aims is to define risk factors for female fertility in the Mongolian population. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016-2018 using a cross-sectional survey of analytical research. Participants were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar and the Central, Western, Eastern, and Khangai provinces according to Mongolia’s regional geographic model. The contents of a questionnaire were comprised of 5 units with 95 questions including socio-economic, geographical, lifestyle, health education, reproductive health indicators, sexual behavior. General physical characteristics were measured according to the standard. Results: The prevalence of the female fertility rate in the Mongolian population is 7.4%. Female participants were classified into 2 groups, namely infertile and fertile, and we developed a case-control study. Among the socio-economic factors influencing infertility, primary education aOR: 1.6 (95% CI 0.98-2.66), monthly household income lower than the average aOR: 1.1 (95% CI 0.77- 1.66), living in rural areas OR: 2.3 ( 95% CI 1.46-3.68) were crucial risk factors. As for reproductive and general health indicators, STIs aOR: 1.8 (95% CI 0.98-3.50), especially gonorrhea OR: 2.8 (95% CI 1.14-6.91), and thyroid disorders OR: 1.7 (95% CI 1.03). -2.97), grade 3 obesity OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.05-13.95) are estimated risk factors for infertility. Conclusions Of all potential socio-economic factors, residence status, education and financial situation are significant for female infertility meanwhile reproductive health indicators include sexually transmitted infections, thyroid disease, and obesity.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) revolutionizedthe treatment of urolithiasis and graduallybecame the favorite treatment option sothat today it is considered to be the first lineof treatment for patients with urolithiasis.The purpose of this study was assessment oftherapeutic efficacy, complications of ESWLin urolithiasis in Mongolia.Material and methods: A total of46 patients harboring renal and ureteralstones underwent ESWL between March2016 and September 2016 at First CentralHospital of Mongolia. Karl Storz ModulithSLK electromagnetic machines were usedto impart shock waves. All collected stonefragments sent for biochemical analysis.Results: A total of 46 patients 23 weremales (50%). Patients were mean age of34. The stone size distribution was 0.5cmto 3.1cm. The average treatment time wasranging from 75-110 minutes. The averagenumber of shock waves per treatmentwas 3172±378 (range 1500-4000). Theoverall success rate was 75.73%. All calculidisintegrated satisfactorily except for 3stones, which is located lower 1/3rd ofureter. Stone composition analysis proved tobe composed entirely or predominantly ofcalcium oxalate monohydrate. These patientsrequired to have ureterolithoextraction. Calculicomposition for remaining patients 12 werecalcium oxalate monohydrate, 17 calciumoxalate dehydrate, 6 uric acid and 1 struvite.Complications were mostly minor and rare.Most of the patients (90.7%) developedmacroscopic hematuria after treatment; fewpatients developed mild bruising at the entryand exit sites of the shockwaves on the bodywall. Severe complications such as renalhematoma and steinstrasse were diagnosedfor one patient each and their managementwas non-surgical.Conclusion: ESWL is therefore the firstline treatment for urolithiasis with stonesize smaller than 2cm. It has an efficiencyrate above 75, low procedure time, highsafety and good tolerability and minimalcomplication.

IntroductionNowadays the risk factors for thrombosis include blood stasis, vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability, as proposed by Virchow over 150 years ago. We chose to study affect of Zomoshin 6 tan to the model of thrombosis formed in experimental animal. It was written in books and sudar that it has action of treating some type’s disease such as blood diluting, meeting frozen blood and treating some gynecological disease.PurposeTo study affect of Zomoshin-6 tan deep vein thrombosis model formed in experimental animal.Material and Methods30 male rats of wistar bread with 180-220 gram of weight for control group, experimental group or Zomoshin-6 tan and comparative group Warfarin. Thirty rats were equally divided into 3 groups: Group 1 received saline alone, Group 2 received Zomoshin-6 (200 mg/kg), and Group 3 received Warfarin as a positive control (0.25 mg/kg), seven days prior to the assessment of thrombus formation. Thrombus formation was also assessed histopathologically. Thrombi were detected in all rats after experimentallyinduced thrombosis.ResultsHistological analysis demonstrated the presence of thrombosis in the interior vena cava (IVC) of the control group, which contained fibrin, erythrocytes, and leucocytes and obstructed the lumen. Only a small amount of fibrin clot, containing a few leucocytes and large numbers of erythrocytes, were observed in the Zomoshin-6-treated group. The thrombus formed in the IVC of Warfarin-treated animals consisted of fibrin clot, which was mostly attached to the wall, with few leucocytes but abundant erythrocytes. These findings suggest that Zomoshin-6 is an effective antithrombotic agent.Conclusion:Zomoshin-6 tan has an action of inhibing thrombosis forming of vein in experimental animal.