Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is among the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. MN is diagnosed in one third of cases of nephrotic syndrome on kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing MN and plays an important role in determining the severity of the disease and in determining treatment decisions and regimens. Therefore, the lack of research on kidney biopsy in Mongolia is the reason for this study. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathological features in the kidney tissues of patients with primary membranous nephropathy diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 51 cases of MN diagnosed in kidney biopsies performed at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia (FCHM) over a period of 12 years. Renal function was calculated using the CKD-EPI (2021) formula and classified into the stage of CKD by eGFR. Histopathological findings were examined using 4 light microscopy (LM) stains (Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson-Trichrome, PAS, and Methenamine silver staining) and 8 immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy stains (IgG, A, M, complement C3, C4, C1q, and kappa, lambda). The study excluded secondary MN based on viral markers, tumor markers, and serological tests. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA 15.0 software, using t-tests, Pearson’s chi-square tests, and multiple group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis methods. The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, Mongolia. (№ 2023/3-07) Results: A total of 305 kidney biopsies performed at the Kidney Center of the FCHM between 2011 and 2023 resulted in the diagnosis of 51 cases of primary MN. The mean age of patients with membranous nephropathy was 40.6±9.3 years, with the oldest age of 65 and the youngest of 22 years, and 36 (70.59%) were male and 15 (29.41%) were female. In the kidney biopsy, the average number of glomeruli was 16.51±7.82 (min-max, 3-54), and by LM, 33.3% showed global sclerosis of glomeruli by hematoxylin-eosin staining, 94.12% showed thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 31.2% showed double counter staining of subepithelial immune complexes by methenamine-silver staining, 88.24% showed holes in the GBM, and 54.9% showed spike-like changes by Masson-Trichrome staining. IF showed IgG 3+ in 37.3%, 2+ in 39.2%, 1+ in 13.7%, and trace staining in 9.8%, while 74.5% of the cases were positive for C3, 93.1% for kappa, and 79.5% for lambda. LM showed thickening of the GBM (OR 23.5, 95% CI 0.093-0.53, p value= 0.007) and interstitial fibrosis (95% CI 6.98-31.07, p value= 0.003) contributing to the decrease in eGFR. The mean time from the onset of the first symptoms of kidney disease to the time of kidney biopsy was 35.35±61.54 months. Patients who underwent biopsy later (in months) after the diagnosis of the disease had a higher incidence of interstitial fibrosis (74.6 ± 98.43, 95% CI -90.52-20.68, p value = 0.002). Conclusion The histopathological features of MN confirmed by kidney biopsy showed thickening of the GBM in 94.12%, global sclerosis in 33.3%, and holes in 88.2%. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed 100% IgG staining, while C3, kappa, and lambda were positive in 74.5%, 93.1%, and 79.5%, respectively.

Background: Laryngeal papillomatosis is a chronic recurrent benign tumor of the airway caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11, developing in the epithelial lining of the laryngeal mucosa. According to R. Y. Seedat et al., clinical manifestations of the disease include hoarseness (25.9%), dyspnea (51.9%), and stridor (70.1%). Hyperplasia and keratinization of the mucosa lead to increased numbers of abnormal cells, which invade beyond the basement membrane and induce atypical changes in normal cells, resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. This causes benign tumor growth, and when mucosal integrity is disrupted, viral proteins may reactivate, leading to recurrence. Surgical treatment is required for each recurrence, and impaired vocal fold vibration negatively affects voice quality. In the early stages, the disease may be misdiagnosed as asthma or allergy, and in some cases, can present as acute respiratory distress, posing a life-threatening risk. Patients with juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) require surgery an average of 4.4 times annually and 19.7 times during their lifetime. The goals of surgical treatment are to remove papillomatous lesions, reduce symptoms, secure the airway, preserve vocal function, extend the interval between recurrences, and improve quality of life. However, surgery alone cannot completely prevent recurrence. Currently, traditional cold instruments, microdebriders, and CO₂ lasers (10,600 nm) are widely used, but no standardized guideline exists. Aim: To compare the outcomes of traditional cold instrument surgery with microdebrider-assisted microsurgery in the treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case–control study was conducted at the Department of Otolaryngology, National Center for Maternal and Child Health. A total of 76 patients diagnosed with laryngeal papillomatosis were included. Clinical records of 52 patients treated with cold instruments between 2018 and 2022 were reviewed as the control group, while 24 patients who underwent microdebrider-assisted microsurgery formed the case group. Disease severity was assessed using the Derkay staging system, and voice outcomes were evaluated with the GRBAS scale and Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Statistical analyses included group comparisons and correlation testing, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 76 patients, 52 were in the control group and 24 in the case group. The control group included 36 males (69.2%) and 16 females (30.8%) with a mean age of 42.2±15.7 years, while the case group included 15 males (62.5%) and 9 females (37.5%) with a mean age of 44.6±15.9 years. No significant differences in age or Derkay scores were found between groups (p>0.05). The case group had significantly shorter operative times (24.6±17.6 vs. 30.3±7.8 min, p=0.014) and hospital stays (2.8±2.6 vs. 3.3±0.9 days, p<0.001). However, the recurrence interval was longer in the control group (5.7±6.3 vs. 1.5±3.6 months, p=0.001), while the total number of surgeries per patient was higher in the case group (22.8±36.9 vs. 8.7±11.8). Voice outcomes improved more significantly in the case group, with lower GRBAS (5.3±2.3 vs. 8.4±2.9, p<0.01) and VHI scores (36.8±11.7 vs. 66.4±12.4, p<0.001). Positive correlations were observed between Derkay scores and total number of surgeries (ρ=0.35), as well as between GRBAS and VHI scores (ρ=0.37). Conclusion Microdebrider-assisted surgery for laryngeal papillomatosis significantly reduced operative time and hospital stay while improving postoperative voice outcomes compared with cold instrument surgery. However, the shorter recurrence interval and higher surgery frequency in some cases indicate the need for long-term monitoring and further evaluation of this method.

Introduction Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

Abstract: Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (B.hippolytii. Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla. Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD₅₀) on animals. Research materials and methods: Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of B.Hippolytii’s dry extract and 20 g of B. Platyphylla ‘s dry extract were injected.
The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of B. hippolytii and B. platyphylla (LD₅₀) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. Results of determining acute toxicity level The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD₅₀ level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.
From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD₅₀ 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.

Abstract: The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, and B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats. The study materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin). Study Result: The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the B.platyphylla Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the B.hippolytii. Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.
The study results showed that B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B.platyphilla Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect. Conclusion B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B. platyphilla (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.

Abstract: Diabetes is describe as a disease of the thirst (undaasah) in the four foundations of traditional drug (Kh. Tumbaa, 1991).
There are drugs such as Jur Ur-4, Sopagi-14, Yunva-4 and Usu-3 used for thirst disease. One of the main medicines used in Mongolian traditional drug is “Usu-3”. This is drug with 3 ingredients (Coriandrum sativum L.), (Inula helenium L.), (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Each of these ingredients were studied indivudually, but not studied in combination. Purpose: To study liver protection effects and toxicity of the “Usu-3” traditional drug in the pathological diabetic model. Methods: The experiment were performed using acute and chronic toxicity study by Organization economic cooperation development (OECD 423), effect of antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic on the alloxan induced diabetic milletus. (Sheriff Modu*, A. Laila et al, 2011) and (Ju JB, Kim JS et al, 2008) method. Results:
1. The “Usu-3” traditional drug was tested in animals at a dose of 5 to 5000 mg/kg in accordance with OECD guideline 423 for acute toxicity study and was found to be harmless in the GHS category. Therefore showed no signs of chronic poisoning with the maximum dose determined for chronic toxicity studies oral administration by 5000mg/kg for 2 months.
2. The “Usu-3” traditional drug’s group has been shown to reducing the levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferease comparison with other groups. Conclusion “Usu-3” traditional drug was found to be harmless in the GHS category, showed no signs of acute and chronic toxicity.
“Usu-3” traditional drug have a protection effect for liver at short and medium time in alloxan induced diabetic rats model.

Abstract: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally and diabetes is one of the top 5 causes of these diseases.According to Mongolia's health statistics, diabetes accounted for 41.5% of all diseases of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders and the morbidity rate was 82.9 per 10 000 population in 2018.
We chose to study the Usu-3 traditional medicine, which has been used in medicine for diabetes. Purpose: The study of effects for "Usu-3" traditional medicine in alloxan-induced diabetic model Methods: The experiment were performed using (Sheriff Modu*, A. Laila et al, 2011) and (Ju JB, Kim JSet al, 2008) method. Results: The "Usu-3" traditional drug has been shown to have a gradual effect on lowering serum glucose in short time and normal level in medium time. Therefore as well as normal levels of lipids in all groups. Conclusion "Usu-3" traditional drug has been shown to gradually lower blood serum glucose and when to study the antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidaemic effects of "Usu-3" traditional drug at in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Purpose: Researchers suggest that the prevalence of infertility varies between developing and developed countries, with differences in infertility care, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and reproductive disorders such as pelvic inflammatory disease and sexually transmitted infections being the main risk factors. The research project aims is to define risk factors for female fertility in the Mongolian population. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016-2018 using a cross-sectional survey of analytical research. Participants were randomly selected from Ulaanbaatar and the Central, Western, Eastern, and Khangai provinces according to Mongolia’s regional geographic model. The contents of a questionnaire were comprised of 5 units with 95 questions including socio-economic, geographical, lifestyle, health education, reproductive health indicators, sexual behavior. General physical characteristics were measured according to the standard. Results: The prevalence of the female fertility rate in the Mongolian population is 7.4%. Female participants were classified into 2 groups, namely infertile and fertile, and we developed a case-control study. Among the socio-economic factors influencing infertility, primary education aOR: 1.6 (95% CI 0.98-2.66), monthly household income lower than the average aOR: 1.1 (95% CI 0.77- 1.66), living in rural areas OR: 2.3 ( 95% CI 1.46-3.68) were crucial risk factors. As for reproductive and general health indicators, STIs aOR: 1.8 (95% CI 0.98-3.50), especially gonorrhea OR: 2.8 (95% CI 1.14-6.91), and thyroid disorders OR: 1.7 (95% CI 1.03). -2.97), grade 3 obesity OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.05-13.95) are estimated risk factors for infertility. Conclusions Of all potential socio-economic factors, residence status, education and financial situation are significant for female infertility meanwhile reproductive health indicators include sexually transmitted infections, thyroid disease, and obesity.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10-15% of couples of reproductive age have infertility. According to researcher D. Sukhe (1999), hormonal infertility in the reproductive age of women was 33.6%, which was a large part of the cause of infertility. In recent years, the number of cases of endocrine disorders, including malignancy and sexually transmitted infections, has been increasing year by year. According to WHO reports, thyroid disorders have a prevalence of 49.3% for active reproductive age (30-50). According to the report of the Health Development Center in 2016, since the thyroid disorders are the second most common disease in endocrine gland disease, our study found that the infertility in reproductive age of women can be substantial due to the loss of thyroid gland. METHODS: The study was carried out by the couple of 20-45 year-olds and modeled as an analytical study model. The questionnaire was used for the couple’s interviews and some of the measurement of body and serum use of TOSOH Corporation AIA-360, Tokyo, Japan. On the serum, anti-TPO and аnti-TG carbohydrates are identified by the Cobas e-411 analyzer under the manufacturer’s accompanying protocol. RESULTS: 76.7% of women were diagnosed with infertility euthyroid, 0.7% hyperthyroidism, 22.6% hypothyroidism (3.8% with overt hypothyroidism and 18.8% subclinical hypothyroidism). Prevalence of TAI, in 6.7% isolated positive anti-Tg were found, and 14.3% had isolated positive TPO, In 3.7% of cases, both types of autoantibodies were present. We analysed binary logistic regression for anti-TPO and anti-TG autoantibody in the positive and negative group in past obstetrics history, evidence of positive of anti-TPO and anti-Tg was increased risk of miscarriage 2.2 times (OR = 2.2, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Women with disorders in our study have high percentage of subclinical hypothyroidism and have higher rate of thyroid autobodies in serum which may be a problem for women with infertility and pregnancy complications due to the loss of thyroid gland. There is a need to develop a principle of recovery and treatment.

BACKGROUND. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10-15% of couples of reproductive age have infertility. According to researcher D. Sukhe (1999), hormonal infertility in the reproductive age of women was 33.6%, which was a large part of the cause of infertility. In recent years, the number of cases of endocrine disorders, including malignancy and sexually transmitted infections, have been increasing year by year. According to WHO reports, thyroid disorders have a prevalence of 49.3% among active reproductive age (30-50) group. According to the report of the Health Development Center in 2016, since the thyroid disorders are the second most common disease in endocrine gland disease, our study has found that the infertility in reproductive age of women can be substantial due to the loss of thyroid gland. OBJECTIVE. To study the relationship between the thyroid gland antibodies and female infertility. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study was carried out in 20-45 year old couples and was modeled as an analytical study model. The questionnaire was used for the couple’s interviews, antroplogical measurements, and serum was analysed. On the serum, anti-TPO and аnti-TG carbohydrates were identified by the Cobas e-411 analyzer under the manufacturer’s accompanying protocol. RESULTS. Prevalence of TAI, in 6.7% positive anti-Tg were found, and 14.3% had positive TPO. In 3.7% of cases, both types of autoantibodies were present. We analysed binary logistic regression for anti-TPO and anti-TG autoantibody in the positive and negative group in relation to the past obstetrics history. A=Accoding to the analysis, evidence of positive anti-TPO and anti-Tg increased the risk of miscarriage by 2.2 times (OR = 2.2, p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Women with infertility in our study have high percentage of subclinical hypothyroidism and have higher rate of thyroid autobodies in serum which could be a problem for women with infertility and pregnancy complications due to the loss of thyroid gland. Thus, there is a need to develop intervention guidelines for recovery and treatment of these types of infertility.