Background: Allergic and atrophic forms of chronic rhinitis are common among the population, characterized by a chronic progressive course with a tendency toward increasing prevalence. Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects approximately 10–40% of adults and 2–25% of children. According to a study conducted in Mongolia, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adults in Ulaanbaatar was reported to be 23.6%, with an increasing trend anticipated in the future. In allergic and atrophic rhinitis, structural alterations occur in the nasal mucosa, including disruption of the normal architecture of the pseudostratified epithelium and ciliated cells, accompanied by changes in goblet cell number and dysfunction of their activity, resulting in a complex pathological process. In otorhinolaryngology practice in Mongolia, there is a relative lack of studies investigating the ultrastructural changes of the nasal mucosa in allergic and atrophic rhinitis. Aim: To compare ultrastructural and histological changes of the nasal mucosa in allergic and atrophic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences at the meeting held on April 24, 2020 (Protocol No. 2020/З-04). Appropriate ethical permission was also obtained from the EMJJ ENT Hospital. Nasal mucosal tissue samples were collected from surgically resected specimens of patients aged 20–45 years diagnosed with allergic and atrophic rhinitis. The mucosal specimens were processed at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Samples were fixed and dehydrated according to the protocol, coated with 100 Å gold, and examined using a scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta FEG 250, USA). In addition, paraffin blocks were prepared, sectioned at 4 μm thickness, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and analyzed histologically. Results: In allergic rhinitis, the pseudostratified epithelium was relatively preserved; however, disorganization of ciliated cells, partial loss of cilia, and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed. In contrast, atrophic rhinitis showed epithelial thinning, near-complete loss of ciliated structures, glandular atrophy, and submucosal fibrosis. Conclusion Allergic rhinitis is associated with relatively mild and predominantly functional mucosal alterations, whereas atrophic rhinitis demonstrates severe structural damage with irreversible impairment of mucosal protective function.

Background: Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. CRC frequently metastasizes to the liver (50%), lungs (10–15%), peritoneum (4%), bones (10.7%–23.7%), brain (0.3%–6%), and spinal cord. Approximately 35% of CRC cases are diagnosed before distant metastasis, 36% upon lymph node involvement, and 23% after distant organ metastasis. Although several studies have established primary tumor models in mice in our country, there are limited studies on experimental lung metastasis models, prompting the need for this research. Aim: To establish and evaluate a lung metastasis model of colorectal cancer in C57BL/6J mice using the MC38 cell line. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Review Board of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (2023/3-09) and all laboratory safety regulations and protocols were strictly followed. Male C57BL/6J mice bred at the Experimental Animal Center of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were used. MC38 murine colorectal carcinoma cells were cultured and injected intravenously (via the tail vein) at a concentration of 0.25×10⁶ cells per mouse (n=12) to induce lung metastasis. Histological analysis was subsequently performed. Results: Histological examination revealed significant alterations in lung tissue architecture, characterized by areas of dense infiltration by pleomorphic, hyperchromatic cells, disrupting the normal alveolar structure. No histological abnormalities were observed in other organs. Conclusion Intravenous injection of MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells into the tail vein of C57BL/6J mice successfully induced lung metastases, characterized by hyperchromatic, pleomorphic cell infiltrates forming glandular structures within the lung parenchyma.

Background: Complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most widely used clinical tests, offering a high-quality, inexpensive, and routine diagnostic tool for various diseases and for monitoring treatment outcomes. Due to modern technological advancements, blood cells are now measured in greater detail, with 36 parameters being evaluated. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly increasing, not only globally but also in our country. This rise in prevalence leads to numerous adverse consequences, including delayed diagnosis, poor control, an increase in chronic complications, and treatment failure. Hyperglycemia is a predisposing factor for chronic inflammation, and a relatively new inflammatory marker, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), may be useful for assessing diabetes control. In recent years, NLR has been studied as a composite biomarker that more effectively reflects systemic inflammation and is easier to detect compared to other inflammatory markers. An increase in neutrophil count and percentage indicates chronic, low-grade, toxic, and non-specific inflammation, while a decrease in lymphocyte count suggests insufficient immune regulation. Thus, an elevated NLR not only reflects the immune system’s functional state in chronic inflammation, but it is also studied as a reliable and selective marker of systemic inflammation in chronic diseases. NLR is considered more stable than the total leukocyte count, is less affected by physiological and pathological factors, is inexpensive, and can be incorporated into daily clinical practice. Aim: To study the relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in a complete blood count and diabetes control and complications Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 145 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were treated at the Endocrine Clinic of the Mongolian-Japanese Hospital, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Data on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and diabetic complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot complications, were collected from the Carte-Hospital Management System. Based on the frequency distribution of the NLR parameter, the values were classified into three groups: low, medium, and high. These groups were subsequently compared with glycemic control and complications using correlation and linear regression analyses, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of the study participants (n=145) was 57.3±12.9 years, with 46.8% (n=131) being male. The mean duration of diabetes was 9.6 years (range: 1-31 years), and the mean HbA1c level was 8.6±2.47%. Among the participants, 59.3% (n=86) exhibited poor glycemic control. Regarding complications, 52.3% of participants experienced at least one diabetes-related complication. Of these, 25.2% had one complication, 13.3% had two, and 7.1% had three or more. The most common complications were retinopathy (25.7%), nephropathy (18.6%), and macrovascular complications (11.9%). A statistically significant increase in the mean HbA1c level was observed across groups stratified by NLR levels (p=0.003). Linear correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels (r=0.194, p=0.001) and the number of chronic diabetes complications (r=0.162, p=0.002). Conclusion The NLR level is positively correlated with both diabetes control and the occurrence of chronic complications. As an inexpensive and easily accessible test, it can be used for daily monitoring and early detection of complications.

Study about caeserean section In nulliparous women Introduction: Cesarean section rates in Mongolia exceed WHO recommendations of 5–15%, reaching 27.6% nationally and 34.1% at the First Maternity Hospital between 2019–2023. C-sections, while life-saving, increase risks of hemorrhage, infection, uterine complications, and reduced maternal quality of life. This study aimed to analyze emergency C-sections by Robson classification and identify associated risk factors in groups 1, 2a, 3, and 4a. Materials and methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted using 886 medical records (443 emergency C-sections and 443 vaginal deliveries) from 2021–2023. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS 24.0, and binary logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Robson 2a was the most frequent category (43.8%), followed by 4a (25.7%), 1 (20.1%), and 3 (10.4%). Significant risk factors for emergency C-section included maternal age (p<0.001), early cervical dilation (<5 cm) at labor diagnosis (OR 3.54), abnormal CTG, pre-eclampsia, PROM, amniotomy, infertility, and malposition. Multivariate analysis showed PROM (aOR 14.66), amniotomy (aOR 6.85), fetal weight ≥4000 g (aOR 4.07), and maternal age (aOR 1.48) as key predictors. Conclusions: Emergency C-sections were most common in Robson group 2a. Major contributing factors included PROM, amniotomy, maternal age, macrosomia, and abnormal labor patterns. Targeted interventions to manage these risk factors could reduce unnecessary emergency C-sections.