Background: Cisplatin is a widely used platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, but its gonadotoxic effects can damage ovarian tissue, oocytes, and developing follicles and may lead to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are being investigated as a potential regenerative treatment because of their paracrine, anti-apoptotic, and tissue-repair effects. Aim: To evaluate the effect of ADSC therapy on estrous cyclicity, body weight, and ovarian follicular morphology in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced POI. Materials and Methods: Thirty 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were included. Six mice received saline as controls, while 24 mice received cisplatin 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally once daily for 10 days to induce POI. After POI induction, cisplatin-exposed animals were continued as an untreated POI group (n=15) or an ADSC-treatment group (n=9). The ADSC group received 1×10⁶ cells suspended in 0.2 mL medium via the tail vein. Body weight and vaginal cytology were monitored daily, and estrous stages were classified as proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. Ovaries were collected for histologic evaluation at the end of the study. Result: After cisplatin exposure, mean estrous cycle length increased from 3.97 days in controls to 6.4 days in the POI group (p<0.05). During the post-treatment evaluation, mean cycle length was 5.65 days in untreated POI mice (n=4) and 4.5 days in ADSC-treated mice (n=7), representing a statistically significant improvement after ADSC therapy (p=0.013). Cisplatin caused significant body-weight loss, reaching a mean of 18.0 g on day 6 after completion of cisplatin administration (p<0.01). Histologically, untreated POI ovaries showed follicular atrophy and prominent degenerative changes, whereas ADSC-treated ovaries showed more morphologically preserved primary, secondary, and antral follicles and relatively fewer degenerative changes. Exploratory manual counting in three representative whole-ovary sections per group showed total intact/growing follicle counts of 15.00±2.65 in controls, 6.00±2.00 in POI, and 8.67±2.89 in ADSC-treated ovaries. Conclusion ADSC treatment was associated with partial restoration of estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicular development in a cisplatin-induced POI mouse model. These findings support further investigation of ADSC-based regenerative therapy for chemotherapy-associated ovarian injury.

Background: Globally, research on identifying bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and characterizing their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities is progressing rapidly. Plants native to Mongolia have adapted to unique, extreme continental climatic conditions, accumulating distinct phytochemicals, and have historically been utilized in traditional medicine and dietary practices. Establishing the non-cytotoxic safety threshold of these wild and cultivated plant extracts in RBL-2H3 mast cells a universally accepted model for type I hypersensitivity and inflammation is a vital prerequisite. Determining these baseline non-toxic dose ranges provides the essential scientific foundation for subsequent cellular allergy models, animal studies, and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic efficacy. Aim: To determine the cytotoxicity profile and establish the non-cytotoxic dose ranges of extracts from four selected Mongolian plant species (wild and cultivated) in RBL-2H3 cells. Materials and Methods: Plant samples including lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), strawberry (Fragaria orientalis), black radish (Raphanus sativus), and blue-berried honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) were standardly collected, authenticated, and cataloged as herbarium specimens at the Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. A total of 12 distinct extracts were prepared from plant leaves, stems, and fruits using water and ethanol extraction, followed by concentration via rotary evaporation and freeze-drying. Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells were maintained in EMEM growth medium and utilized during the exponential growth phase. Cell viability and non-cytotoxic concentration thresholds were evaluated using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Result: Ethanolic extracts of strawberry leaves, black radish, and honeysuckle leaves (≥6.25 µg/mL), as well as aqueous extracts of honeysuckle fruits (≥6.25 µg/mL) and stems (≥25 µg/mL), exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Conversely, aqueous extracts of lingonberry leaves (≤200 µg/mL), strawberry leaves (≥100 µg/mL), and black radish (≤200 µg/mL), alongside ethanolic extracts of lingonberry leaves (≥50 µg/mL), demonstrated non-cytotoxic profiles. Furthermore, ethanolic extracts of honeysuckle stems (≤300 µg/mL) and fruits (≥12.5 µg/mL), as well as the aqueous extract of honeysuckle leaves (≤50 µg/mL), significantly enhanced RBL-2H3 cell viability. Conclusion The tested plant extracts influenced RBL-2H3 cell viability in a solvent polarity and plant organ dependent manner. Ethanolic extracts of strawberry leaves, black radish, and honeysuckle leaves, along with aqueous extracts of honeysuckle fruits and stems, demonstrated relatively high cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability by >40% starting at concentrations of 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL. In contrast, aqueous extracts of strawberry leaves and black radish, as well as both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of lingonberry leaves, maintained low cytotoxicity at concentrations below 200 µg/mL. Notably, ethanolic extracts of honeysuckle stems and fruits (>12.5 µg/mL) and its aqueous leaf extract (<100 µg/mL) enhanced cell viability, exhibiting significant cell proliferation promoting activity.

Background: Ambient and household air pollution remain leading risk factors for global morbidity and mortality. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as lung cancer, metabolic and neurological disorders, and immune dysfunction. In urban areas of Mongolia, air pollution reaches critical levels during the winter season. Although improved solid fuels have been introduced in recent years, their impact on both outdoor and indoor air quality remains insufficiently characterized. Aim: To compare outdoor and household air pollution levels in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan cities. Materials and Methods: Outdoor air pollution data for Ulaanbaatar were obtained from fixed monitoring stations of the National Agency for Meteorology and Environmental Monitoring for the period 2014–2026, with seasonal comparisons performed. For indoor air quality assessment, a longitudinal study was conducted among 240 households (apartments, houses, and traditional gers) in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan from 2023 to 2026. PM₂.₅ concentrations were measured using real-time sensors (PurpleAir sensor), deployed for 14–21 days per season (winter and summer) in each household, recording data at 10-minute intervals over 24-hour periods. Result: Between 2014 and 2026, the 24-hour mean concentrations in Ulaanbaatar were 60.5 µg/m for PM₂.₅, 117.3 µg/m for PM₁₀, 37.3 µg/m for NO₂, 41.8 µg/m for SO₂, and 27.5 µg/m for O₃. While particulate matter levels showed a decreasing trend following the introduction of improved fuels, SO₂ concentrations increased, and overall pollution levels remained higher than those observed in Darkhan. Indoor PM₂.₅ concentrations were higher in Ulaanbaatar compared to Darkhan (60.7±86.1 vs 48.4±96.7 µg/m). Significant differences were observed by housing type (p<0.0001), with higher concentrations in households using solid fuels (houses and gers) and lower levels in apartments. These findings indicate substantial variability in indoor air pollution by city, housing type, and season, with persistently elevated exposure levels. Conclusion Outdoor air pollutant concentrations in Ulaanbaatar, including particulate matter, NO₂, and SO₂, exceed national standards and WHO guideline values by 1–4 times. Indoor PM₂.₅ pollution is higher in Ulaanbaatar than in Darkhan and varies significantly by housing type and season, indicating a high and heterogeneous exposure burden among urban populations.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and significant clinical burden. In Mongolia, research on AD has increased over the past decade; however, findings remain fragmented across various areas. Aim: To synthesize evidence from studies conducted in Mongolia over the last 10 years regarding the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted, including original studies on Mongolian populations published within the last decade. Studies addressing skin barrier function, immunological mechanisms, genetic factors, environmental exposures, clinical severity, diagnostic tools, and treatment approaches were included. Results: The study findings show that genetic studies identified polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene and, more recently, mutations in the GCDH gene, suggesting these are linked to AD severity and allergen sensitization. Research on the immunopathogenesis of AD revealed that Th2-type cytokines, especially IL-3 and IL-4, are associated with pruritus and disease severity. Additionally, decreased skin hydration and increased transepidermal water loss in individuals with AD were linked to greater disease severity. Disease severity was evaluated using the SCORAD, EASI, and POEM tools, with most studies reporting that mild-to-moderate AD was most common. Clinically, symptoms like pruritus and sleep disturbances were evident. Additionally, clinical severity was associated with laboratory markers, particularly total IgE levels. The high rate of sensitization to inhalant and food allergens suggests that extrinsic atopic dermatitis (AD) may be common in the Mongolian population. In treatment studies using locally relevant natural products in Mongolia, such as seabuckthorn oil and Shargaljuut mineral spring spray, these products were associated with clinical improvement, suggesting they could serve as additional therapeutic options. Conclusion Research on atopic dermatitis in Mongolia has progressed in several areas; however, the current evidence remains limited and is mostly based on cross-sectional, small-sample, single-center, hospital-based studies. Therefore, there is a need for future comprehensive studies that are multicenter, long-term, and involve larger populations.

Background: HepG2 cells are widely used as an in vitro model for investigating alterations in hepatic cellular metabolism. Studies evaluating the biological activities of plant-derived compounds using HepG2 cells have also increased. Strawberry (Fragaria orientalis), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), radish (Raphanus sativus), and blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) contain polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other secondary metabolites. The biological activities of these plants may vary depending on species, plant tissue, growing conditions, and extraction methods. Prior to evaluating the biological activities of plant extracts, it is essential to assess their cytotoxic effects on cells and determine appropriate concentrations for subsequent experiments. Therefore, evaluating the effects of plant extracts on the viability of HepG2 cells, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, is of considerable importance. Aim: To evaluate the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of strawberry, lingonberry, radish, and cultivated and wild blue honeysuckle on HepG2 cell viability and to determine concentrations exhibiting cytotoxic effects. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 plant extracts were prepared using water and ethanol as extraction solvents. The extracts were obtained from strawberry leaves, lingonberry leaves, radish, and the fruits, stems, and leaves of cultivated and wild blue honeysuckle. The extracts were subsequently dried. HepG2 cells maintained in the Cell Biology Laboratory of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences were revived, stabilized, and used for the experiments. The plant extracts were prepared at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μg/mL and used to treat HepG2 cells. Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cytotoxicity was defined as a reduction in cell viability of more than 30% compared with the control group. Results: The aqueous extract of cultivated blue honeysuckle and the ethanolic extracts of its fruits and stems maintained HepG2 cell viability above 70% across the concentration range of 6.25–300 μg/mL, indicating relatively low cytotoxicity. In contrast, the ethanolic extract of cultivated blue honeysuckle leaves reduced cell viability at higher concentrations. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fruits and stems of wild blue honeysuckle showed no apparent cytotoxic effects, whereas both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of its leaves reduced cell viability to approximately 65% at 300 μg/mL, indicating relatively higher cytotoxicity. Most aqueous and ethanolic extracts of strawberry, radish, and lingonberry maintained cell viability above 70% and showed no cytotoxic effects. The ethanolic extract of strawberry leaves reduced cell viability to approximately 63% even at the lowest concentration of 6.25 μg/mL; however, cell viability tended to increase with increasing extract concentration. Conclusion The effects of plant extracts on HepG2 cell viability varied depending on plant species, tissue type, extraction solvent, and concentration. Most extracts of strawberry, lingonberry, radish, and the fruits and stems of cultivated and wild blue honeysuckle exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 300 μg/mL. However, the ethanolic extract of cultivated blue honeysuckle leaves at 200 μg/mL and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of wild blue honeysuckle leaves at 300 μg/mL reduced cell viability by more than 30%, indicating relatively higher cytotoxicity.

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 6.7 million people die annually due to air pollution caused by solid fuel use, with the majority of deaths resulting from respiratory diseases and cardiovascular conditions. In Mongolia, air pollution ranks as the fourth leading risk factor contributing to mortality, following hypertension, diabetes, and other major health risks. Although there have been numerous studies on outdoor air pollution in Mongolia, research linking indoor air pollution at the household level with the health status of residents remains limited. Aim: To compare indoor PM2.5 concentrations in households of Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan and examine their association with hypertension during the winter season. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during November and December 2023, and January 2024, involving 240 households in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured using Purple Air real-time sensors continuously for 24 hours over approximately one month. After measuring indoor air pollution, individuals aged 18–60 years living in the selected households were recruited based on specific inclusion criteria. Blood pressure was measured three times and the average value was recorded. Information on respiratory illnesses was collected through structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 19.0. Results: A total of 241 households participated in the study, with 116 from Ulaanbaatar and 125 from Darkhan. Of the participants, 46.5% were male and 53.5% were female. In terms of housing type, 96 households (39.8%) lived in gers, 97 (40.2%) lived in stove-heated houses, and 48 (19.9%) lived in apartments. Among all participants, 66.0% (n=159) had hypertension and 34.0% (n=79) had normal blood pressure. Among participants aged over 40, 69.9–88.5% had hypertension, which is statistically significantly higher compared to younger individuals (p=0.0001). By body mass index, 75.3% (n=72) of overweight individuals and 78.4% (n=58) of obese participants had hypertension, showing a statistically significant difference compared to participants with normal weight (p=0.0001). The 24-hour average concentration of indoor PM2.5 was measured using the Purple Air device, and the levels in gers and stove-heated houses exceeded the limit set by the MNS 4585:2025 standard (37.5 µg/m³) Conclusion This study identified a relationship between environmental factors, such as air pollution and housing type, and the prevalence of hypertension. The indoor PM2.5 concentration in gers and stove-heated houses was above the standard limit, indicating a negative impact on the health of those residents. Furthermore, the high prevalence of hypertension among participants over the age of 40 and those who are overweight suggests a possible link to lifestyle and environmental conditions.

Background: Hypokalemia is considered when the serum potassium level is less than 3.5 mmol/L. Clinical research indicates that hypokalemia affects 20% of hospitalized patients, and in 24% of these cases, inadequate interventions result in life-threatening complications. At present, there is no research available on the prevalence, management, and outcomes of hypokalemia in hospitalized patients, which justifies the need for this study. Aim: The study aimed to examine the prevalence of hypokalemia and the effectiveness of its management in hospitalized patients within the internal medicine department, in relation to the knowledge of doctors and resident physicians. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study included a total of 553 cases of patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department of the Mongolia Japan Hospital between January 2024 and August 2024. Patients with a potassium level of <3.5 mmol/L were diagnosed with hypokalemia, and the effectiveness of potassium replacement therapy was evaluated according to the method of supplementation employed. Results: The prevalence of hypokalemia among hospitalized patients in the Internal Medicine Department was 9.8% (54 cases). Based on the study criteria, 42 cases of hypokalemia were selected for further analysis, and a total of 118 potassium replacements were performed through oral, intravenous, and mixed methods. Following potassium replacement therapy, 37.3% (44) of patients achieved normalized potassium levels, while 62.7% (74) still had persistent hypokalemia. Conclusion According to the study results, the prevalence of hypokalemia among hospitalized patients in the Internal Medicine Department is 9.8%. The method of potassium replacement and the severity of hypokalemia do not impact the normalization of potassium levels, with the critical factor being the proper dosage of supplementation. The knowledge of doctors and resident physicians regarding hypokalemia is insufficient, and there is a need to implement guidelines and protocols for potassium replacement therapy in daily clinical practice.

Introduction: 16% of the world's 8 billion people, or more than 1.3 billion, are people with special needs or people with disabilities. Of these, there are unofficial studies that show that there are about 650 million people with disabilities in Asian countries. [1] One of the most common problems faced by people with special needs is that disability service organizations, especially pharmacies, do not have access to complete information on their necessary medications.
According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee [4] in our country, 3.4 percent of the total population or 107.6 thousand are citizens with special needs. Article 1.1 of the Law "On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" [5] provides for the equal rights of persons with disabilities to participate in social relations, to ensure and implement them, to provide an accessible environment, to create conditions, housing, public buildings, roads, public transport, and information., communication technology is included as being accessible to people with disabilities. However, health and pharmacy services for people with special needs are very challenging.
The main basis of this research work is to make pharmacy services easier for people with special needs, especially people with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities, and to identify and solve problems. Methods: The research was carried out in a one-moment model. Based on the General Department of Development of People with Disabilities, data was collected by questionnaire using the minimum sample size calculation, which was calculated as 478 people per 1000 population. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-23 software.
Our survey was conducted between November to December 1, 2022 using a snapshot model. Processing of results was carried out using survey data processing. Conclusion
1. According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee, 3.4 percent or 107.6 thousand of the total population of our country are citizens with special needs. This information has not been updated for 2021-2022.
Out of a total of 478 people in the survey, 54% were male, while 42.8% of the respondents were 20-30 years old. 48.8% of citizens use pharmacies independently, 42.4% with the help of a guardian, and 8.8% of other citizens use pharmacies. The lack of understanding of drug information on prescription forms affects the physician's prescription, drug information, visual and hearing impairments, and misunderstandings.
2. People with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities face the biggest problem in using the pharmacy. Therefore, it is a priority to make certain innovative changes in order to make pharmacy operation* equal to citizens. These include: Prescription forms can be read using technology such as Qr and AR on the phone, delivering medication instructions and information in audio form to people with visual and mental disabilities, providing more clear and understandable information to people with speech and hearing disabilities identifying medications for people with visual impairments, and using drugs correctly. We believe that suggestions and solutions are needed, such as placing names and instructions in braille on product labeling and packaging, implementing stairs and doors for people in wheelchairs or with mobility impairments in accordance with standards in all buildings, and providing seats for stairwells between floors. In most cases, it takes 10-20 minutes for people with disabilities to visit a pharmacy. Some citizens are experiencing delays in services for up to an hour. It can be seen that spending a lot of time to visit a pharmacy is difficult for citizens.
In order to solve this problem, under the supervision of a manager and a pharmacist, a post-graduate student of "Pharmacy" of the "University of Pharmaceutical Sciences" should be created to provide advice and information to citizens and reduce the burden.

Background: Vitamins are nutrients essential for human health. They act as coenzymes that help trigger important chemical reactions necessary for energy production. Reference values for vitamins help physicians evaluate the health status of patients and make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the mean values and reference intervals for some water-soluble vitamins of Mongolian adults. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty healthy adults (170 males and 170 females) of 17 to 69 years of age were selected for the study based on CLSI C28-P3 criteria Defining, establishing & Verifying reference interval in the clinical laboratory; Proposed Guidelines. The study was approved by the Resolution No.76 of 2018 of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health. Informed consents were taken from the selected individuals. Morning blood samples of the participants were collected under aseptic conditions. Levels of vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography method. The lower- and upper reference limits were defined as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel programs. Results: The mean blood level of vitamin C was 11.88 mg/L (95% CI 10.47-13.29) for men and 9.62 mg/L (95% CI 8.11-11.13) for women. The calculated reference interval for males was 1.40-19.40 mg/L and 1.17-18.04 mg/L for females. The mean concentration of vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of males was 938.45 ng/L (95% CI 747.22-1129.68) and that of females was 864.03 ng/L (95% CI 603.81-1124.25). The reference interval for vitamin B₁₂ was 233.03-1597.00 ng/L in men and 132.45-1623.86 ng/L in women. The mean level of vitamin B₉ was 8.47 ng/mL (95% CI 5.64-11.30) for men and 6.91 ng/mL (95% CI 4.89-8.93) for women. The calculated reference interval for this vitamin in males was 1.04-24.74 ng/mL and that in females was 1.04-21.46 ng/mL. As for vitamin B₆, the mean concentration for men was 44.42 ng/mL (95% CI 37.01-51.83) and for women was 34.67 ng/mL (95% CI 29.97-39.39) with the reference intervals of 5.90-79.02 ng/mL for men and 5.27-61.72 ng/mL for women. Conclusion The reference values for vitamins B₆, B₉, B₁₂ and vitamin C of Mongolian adults do not differ significantly from those observed in other populations. The calculated reference intervals can be used in the practice of health laboratories.

BACKGROUND. Chronic rhino-sinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses, especially after virus infections. It has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) forpediatric chronic rhino-sinusitis. METHODS. 30 patients 6-15 years old with CRS were divided into two groups: T1 were treated twice a week and T2 were treated five times a week for 2 treatment sessions within 2 weeks. Laser irradiation was delivered on 12 points over each maxillary and frontal sinuses with 30 seconds and the total treatment duration was 180 seconds. The evaluation was performed by a total symptom score based on SNOT-22 questionnaires of pre and after treatments. RESULTS. The total symptom scoreimproved significantly (p<0.15) in 27 cases. CONCLUSION. This study indicates that LLLT applied for 4 weeks improves symptoms in patients with CRS. LLLT is one of the most cost-efficient and painless treatment methods for pediatric rhino-sinusitis.