INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health threat, with millions of deaths attributed to it annually. Antibiotic stewardship to combat AMR is the responsibility of all healthcare professionals. Despite evidence suggesting that it is unnecessary, dentists routinely prescribe prophylactic antibiotics following third molar (3M) surgeries. METHOD: This mixed-methods study examined the behavioural barriers influencing antibiotic prescribing practices within the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore. This study used the capability, opportunity and motivation for behavioural change or COM-B framework to implement interventions targeting the behavioural barriers. RESULTS: Pre- and post-intervention data over 6 months showed a significant reduction in antibiotic prescriptions from 84.45% to 20.89%, following the implementation of COM-B strategies (P<0.001). Qualitative feedback from focus group discussions highlighted a positive shift in clinicians' attitudes towards antibiotic reduction, acknowledging the minimal infection risk associated with non-prescribing practices. Notably, complication rates remained stable throughout the study period, indicating no adverse effects from reduced antibiotic usage. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that the COM-B model can be successfully applied to modify deeply ingrained prescription habits, and underscored the effectiveness of a structured behavioural change intervention in enhancing compliance with antibiotic stewardship guidelines. The study advocates continuation of initiatives to sustain this positive trend and mitigate AMR in clinical practice.
Humans ; Molar, Third/surgery* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Singapore ; Antimicrobial Stewardship/methods* ; Practice Patterns, Dentists'/statistics & numerical data* ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Female ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Male ; Tooth Extraction ; Adult ; Focus Groups ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'

Background and Objective: Antibiotic prophylaxis is used to prevent bacterial infections and rebleeding in cirrhosis patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). However, the effects of various antibiotics on patients with UGIB are still being considered. This study aims to evaluate the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on cirrhosis patients with UGIB. Methods: The studies were searched through databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and CENTRAL from 2013 to 2023. We used Revman 5.4 to perform a meta-analysis. I2 statistics measured the heterogeneity test. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: Twelve studies involving 14,825 cirrhosis patients were included in this study. Based on the meta-analysis, antibiotic prophylaxis significantly lowered the bacterial infection rate (OR: 0.29, 95%CI: 0.10 to 0.84, P = 0.02), and the incidence of serious adverse events (SAE) (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.28 to 0.88, P = 0.02) in cirrhosis patients with UGIB. Conclusions Administration of antibiotics demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial infection rates and SAEs. Broad-spectrum non-absorbable antibiotics can be used in cirrhosis patients with UGIB. The appropriate use of antibiotics is important to prevent resistance.
Antibiotic ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; prophylaxis ; prevention & ; control ; Cirrhosis ; Fibrosis

Currently, the main strategy for preventing neonatal group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection is prenatal screening combined with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, which has effectively reduced the incidence of neonatal GBS early-onset disease. However, the burden of GBS infection is still significant. The intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis strategy has limitations such as inducing antibiotic resistance and inability to effectively prevent GBS late-onset disease. It is crucial to develop and evaluate other prevention strategies, while paying close attention to assessing penicillin allergy in pregnant women and how to prevent GBS infection in neonates with negative maternal GBS screening. In recent years, there has been some progress in GBS vaccines and related immunological research, and the use of specific vaccines is expected to significantly reduce GBS infection in neonates.
Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control* ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology* ; Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy* ; Streptococcus agalactiae

Adolescent ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control* ; Eczema/drug therapy* ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) of group B streptococcus (GBS) infection on the incidence and bacteriological profile of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 494 pregnant women with positive GBS screening results and 526 neonates born by these women. According to whether the pregnant woman received IAP, the neonates were divided into two groups: IAP (n=304) and control (n=222). The two groups were compared in terms of clinical indices, incidence rate of EONS, and distribution of pathogenic bacteria in blood culture. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the IAP group had a significantly lower proportion of children with abnormal clinical manifestations (P<0.001) and a significantly lower incidence rate of EONS (P=0.022). In the IAP group, Escherichia coli (2.3%) was the most common type of pathogenic bacteria in blood culture of the neonates with EONS, while GBS (3.2%) was the most common type of pathogenic bacteria in the control group. The IAP group had a significantly higher detection rate of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli than the control group (P=0.029). CONCLUSIONS Although IAP can significantly reduce the incidence rate of EONS in neonates born to pregnant women with positive GBS screening results, the infection rate of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli may increase after IAP treatment. Therefore, it is needed to enhance the monitoring of blood culture results of neonates with EONS and timely adjust treatment plan according to drug susceptibility test results.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control* ; Neonatal Sepsis/prevention & control* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Retrospective Studies ; Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Streptococcus agalactiae

INTRODUCTION: Institutional surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) guidelines are in place at all public hospitals in Singapore, but variations exist and adherence to guidelines is not tracked consistently. A national point prevalence survey carried out in 2020 showed that about 60% of surgical prophylactic antibiotics were administered for more than 24 hours. This guideline aims to align best practices nationally and provides a framework for audit and surveillance. METHOD: This guideline was developed by the National Antimicrobial Stewardship Expert Panel's National Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guideline Development Workgroup Panel, which comprises infectious diseases physicians, pharmacists, surgeons and anaesthesiologists. The Workgroup adopted the ADAPTE methodology framework with modifications for the development of the guideline. The recommended duration of antibiotic prophylaxis was graded according to the strength of consolidated evidence based on the scoring system of the Singapore Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines. RESULTS: This National SAP Guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the rational use of antibiotic prophylaxis. These include recommended agents, dose, timing and duration for patients undergoing common surgeries based on surgical disciplines. The Workgroup also provides antibiotic recommendations for special patient population groups (such as patients with β-lactam allergy and patients colonised with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as well as for monitoring and surveillance of SAP. CONCLUSION This evidence-based National SAP Guideline for hospitals in Singapore aims to align practices and optimise the use of antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis for the prevention of surgical site infections while reducing adverse events from prolonged durations of SAP.
Humans ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Singapore ; Surgeons ; Hospitals, Public

Inflatable penile prostheses are an important tool in the treatment of medically refractory erectile dysfunction. One of the major complications associated with these prostheses is infections, which ultimately require device explanation and placement of a new device. Over the past several decades, significant work has been done to reduce infection rates and optimize treatment strategies to reduce patient morbidity. This article reviews the current state of knowledge surrounding penile prosthesis infections, with attention to the evidence for methods to prevent infection and best practices for device reimplantation.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use* ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods* ; Bandages ; Carrier State/drug therapy* ; Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use* ; Coated Materials, Biocompatible ; Device Removal ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Erectile Dysfunction/surgery* ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/therapy* ; Hair Removal/methods* ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host/immunology* ; Male ; Penile Implantation/methods* ; Penile Prosthesis ; Preoperative Care/methods* ; Prosthesis-Related Infections/therapy* ; Reoperation ; Risk Factors ; Spinal Cord Injuries/epidemiology* ; Staphylococcal Infections/therapy* ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Surgical Drapes ; Surgical Instruments ; Surgical Wound Infection/therapy*

No abstract available.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis

BACKGROUND: Although guidelines to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) were published more than a decade ago, prophylactic antibiotics are still used subjectively in clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated the safety of single-dose preoperative intravenous antibiotics without postoperative antibiotics in the field of clean wound surgery performed under local anesthesia. We also surveyed the present clinical conditions for prophylactic antibiotic use in the plastic surgery departments of training hospitals in Korea. METHODS: A total of 360 consecutive patients who underwent clean wound surgery under local anesthesia in an outpatient clinic from March 2018 to October 2018 were reviewed. In the study group, a single surgeon administered first-generation cephalosporins intravenously within 1 hour of skin incision and did not prescribe additional antibiotics. In the control group, 2 other surgeons prescribed oral first-generation cephalosporins postoperatively for 2 to 3 days without preoperative antibiotics. A telephone survey about perioperative antibiotic regimens was conducted at the departments of plastic surgery in training hospitals. RESULTS: There were 128 patients in the study group and 232 patients in the control group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding SSIs and other surgical complications. A total of 41 training hospitals answered the survey and every hospital had protocols of prescribing postoperative oral antibiotics routinely at the time of discharge with a mean duration of 3.9 days. Only 11 hospitals (26.8%) prescribed parenteral antibiotics before surgery as well as postoperative oral antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Intravenous injection of single-dose first-generation cephalosporins 1 hour before surgery without postoperative antibiotics did not increase the incidence of SSIs compared with the usual practice of giving only postoperative antibiotics prescription for 2 to 3 days in cases of clean wound surgery performed under local anesthesia. Proper antibiotic prophylaxis should be performed by surgeons in training hospitals without hesitation.
Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Cephalosporins ; Humans ; Incidence ; Injections, Intravenous ; Korea ; Prescriptions ; Skin ; Surgeons ; Surgery, Plastic ; Surgical Wound Infection ; Telephone ; Wounds and Injuries

BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported on breakthrough urinary tract infection (UTI) associated with the susceptibility of index UTI to prophylactic antibiotics in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) receiving continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP). We assessed the impact of the susceptibility of index UTI to prophylactic antibiotics in breakthrough UTIs in children with primary VUR receiving CAP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 81 children with primary VUR who were diagnosed after febrile or symptomatic UTI and subsequently received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) as CAP between January 2010 and December 2013. We allocated children to a susceptible group or a resistant group based on the susceptibility of index UTI to TMP-SMX. We evaluated patient demographics and clinical outcomes after CAP according to the susceptibility of index UTI to TMP-SMX. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the predictive factors for breakthrough UTI. RESULTS: Of the 81 children, 42 were classified into the susceptible group and 39 into the resistant group. The proportion of breakthrough UTI was 31.0% (13/42) in the susceptible group and 53.8% (21/39) in the resistant group (P = 0.037). Progression of renal scarring was observed in 0% of children in the susceptible group and 15% in the resistant group (P = 0.053). Multivariate analysis showed that TMP-SMX resistance and initial renal scarring were significant predictors of breakthrough UTI. CONCLUSION: Susceptibility of index UTI to prophylactic antibiotics is a risk factor of breakthrough UTI and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in children with primary VUR receiving CAP.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Child ; Cicatrix ; Demography ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Multivariate Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Urinary Tract ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux