ObjectiveTo identify the rate， population characteristics， and vaccination history of repeat infections among previously infected people in the current epidemic based on the rate of repeat infection and population characteristics of different mutant strains at different times in Pudong New Area of Shanghai， and to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of novel coronavirus repeat infections. MethodsA total of 9 250 investigated subjects were randomly selected from the new cases of asymptomatic infection and confirmed cases reported by Pudong New Area from March to May 2022. The investigation mainly focused on demographic characteristics， nucleic acid or antigen test results， and symptoms after infection. The repeat infection rates among different populations were compared， and logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of gender， age， and vaccination status on repeat infections. ResultsThe survey sample of 9 250 people had a response rate of 81.85%. There were 4 043 males （53.40%） and 3 528 females （46.60%）， with a median age of 34 years old （P₂₅， P₇₅： 7， 61）. The overall vaccine uptake rate was 59.44% （4 500/7 571）. In December of 2022， there were 563 cases of repeat infection， with an infection rate of 7.44%. The lowest rate of repeat infection was seen in the 3‒ year-old group （2.86%） and the highest rate in the 30‒ year-old group （12.42%）， with significant differences between different age groups. The repeated infection rate for those who had completed their vaccinations was significantly lower （6.57%） compared to those who had not （7.11%）. The age groups of 3‒ years， 70‒79 years， as well as individuals who completed full vaccination and received booster shots were protective factors against repeat infections. ConclusionThe overall rate of reinfection among the infected in Shanghai during the spring of 2022 was low in the outbreak of the Omicron variant， and the rate of reinfection in the 3‒ year-old group was significantly lower than in other age groups. Completing the full course of vaccination significantly reduces the risk of reinfection. Although the reinfection rate is high in individuals who received booster shots， it remains a mitigating factor compared to those who do not receive the vaccine. It is recommended to continue monitoring reinfections in key populations and further strengthen immunization efforts.

Objective To compare the effect of using the fresh tumor lump and the recovered low temperature-storing VX2 tumor lump that have been frozen for different time to construct the rabbit HCC model.Methods Fish-like fresh VX2 tumor lumps were selected.After the peripheral necrotic tissue and muscle were removed,the tumor lumps were frozen at-80℃ for 3,5 and 7 months.Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups.The rabbits in group A(control group)received fresh liver tumor lump implantation to construct in-situ VX2 rabbit HCC models.The rabbits in groups B,C and D(experimental groups)received implantation of the recovered low temperature-storing VX2 tumor lump which had been frozen at-80℃ for 3,5 and 7 months,respectively,to construct in-situ VX2 rabbit HCC models.Fourteen days after implantation,the modeling effect of tumor formation in each group was assessed.The proliferation,apoptosis of tumor cells and the angiogenesis were evaluated by immunofluorescence assay.Results The tumor formation rate of all group A,B,C and D was 100％.However,with the extension of cryopreservation time,the difference in tumor mass activity became larger after 5 months,and the necrotic area of liver tumor center became enlarged.Histological examination showed that there were no significant differences in the expressions of TUNEL,Ki67,HIF-α,VEGF and CD31 between group A and group B,while there were significant differences in the expressions of TUNEL,Ki67,HIF1-α,VEGF and CD31 between group A,B and group C,D.Conclusion The rabbit VX2 HCC model,which is constructed by implantation of recovered low temperature-storing VX2 tumor lump being frozen at-80℃ in vitro for a certain time,can be successfully established within 7 months.The difference in tumor mass activity between tumor lumps became larger after 5 months.But on the whole,the constructed rabbit VX2 HCC model can better preserve the tumor strain activity.This modeling technique can save manpower and material resources.(J Intervent Radiol,2024,33:269-274)

Objective·To evaluate the changes in cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents,and explore the association between cognitive function and fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21).Methods·A total of 175 adolescents from a senior high school in Shanghai were divided into normal weight group(n=50),overweight group(n=50)and obese group(n=75)based on their body mass index(BMI).General information,anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators of the adolescents were collected and compared.The cognitive function of the three groups of adolescents was assessed by using the accuracy(ACC)and reaction time of Flanker task and n-back task.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the serum FGF21 level of the three groups of adolescents.Partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model were used to evaluate the correlation between cognitive task performance and anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators.Results·Compared with the normal weight group,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and the levels of fasting plasma glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and triacylglycerol in the obese group were higher(all P<0.05).Under congruent or incongruent stimulus conditions in the Flanker task,there was no significant difference in ACC between any two groups;compared with the normal weight and overweight groups,the reaction time of the adolescents in the obese group was prolonged(all P<0.05).In the n-back task,there were no significant differences in ACC between any two groups,while the obese group had longer reaction time in the 1-back and 2-back tasks compared to the normal weight and overweight groups(all P<0.05).Compared with the normal weight group,serum FGF21 levels of the adolescents in the obese group were higher(P=0.000).Partial correlation analysis showed that the reaction time of the adolescents in Flanker and n-back tasks was correlated with their BMI,body fat mass,waist circumference,waist-to-hip ratio and FGF21 level(all P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed that BMI was associated with prolonged reaction time in cognitive-related behavioral tasks in the adolescents(all P<0.05),and FGF21 level was associated with ACC in the 2-back task(P=0.000)and reaction time in the incongruent stimulus condition(P=0.048).Conclusion·Overweight and obese adolescents have cognitive impairments,and BMI and serum FGF21 levels are associated with changes in their cognitive function.

Objective:To explore the effects of high-efficiency centering pregnancy care (CPC) combined with information-knowledge-attitude-practice (IKAP) health education on cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) rate, maternal and neonatal health status so as to provide referential significance for reducing CDMR rate and improving postpartum maternal and neonatal health status and breastfeeding rate.Methods:In the prospective, single-center and controlled study, a total of 82 primiparas undergoing antenatal examination and delivery in South Binhu Hospital of Hefei First People′s Hospital were enrolled as the research objects between January 2020 and December 2021 by convenience sampling method, including 41 cases given routine health care in routine group between January and December 2020 and 41 cases given high-efficiency CPC combined with IKAP health education on basis of routine group in combination group between January and December 2021. The cognition of cesarean section, delivery modes, incidence of postpartum complications, neonatal complications and breastfeeding between the two groups were compared.Results:The age of the routine group was (26.71 ± 2.18) years old, and the age of the combination group was (27.16 ± 1.79) years old. The proportions of correct cognition, partially correct cognition and incorrect cognition to cesarean section in combination group were 73.17% (30/41), 21.95% (9/41), 4.88% (2/41), and 53.66% (22/41), 26.83% (11/41), 19.51% (8/41) in routine group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( Z = 4.22, P<0.05). The incidence of cesarean section and CDMR in combination group was 24.39% (10/41) and 1/10, lower than that in routine group [46.34% (19/41), 10/19], and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2 = 4.32, P<0.05; Fisher′s exact test, P = 0.049 ). The total incidence rates of postpartum complications of primiparas and neonatal complications in the combination group were 4.88%(2/41) and 7.32%(3/41), lower than 12.20%(5/41) and 12.20%(5/41) in the routine group, and the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (Fisher′s exact test, P = 0.432, 0.712). The scores of functional health literacy, communicative health literacy and critical health literacy in combination group were (85.73 ± 4.09), (51.93 ± 4.72) and (58.63 ± 4.32) points, higher than those in routine group [(80.17 ± 5.26), (46.37 ± 5.11) , (52.71 ± 5.07) points], and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t = 5.34, 5.12, 5.69, all P<0.01). At 3 months after delivery, exclusive breastfeeding rate, milk powder feeding rate and mixed feeding rate in combination group were 58.54% (24/41), 7.32%(3/41), 34.15(14/41), higher than 26.83% (11/41), 29.27(12/41), 43.90%(18/41) in routine group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2 = 10.73, P<0.05). Conclusions:High-efficiency CPC combined with IKAP health education can reduce incidence of CDMR, decrease maternal and neonatal complications, enhance maternal postpartum health literacy and improve breastfeeding rate in primiparas by improving correct cognition to cesarean section. It is worthy of clinical application.

Vascular dementia （VaD） is a common disease that affects the health of the elderly. Due to the aging of the social population， the incidence of VaD is increasing year by year. There have been no officially approved treatments for this disease， mainly because its pathogenesis is complex， and the mechanism of action of effective drugs is not yet clear， which hinders drug research for the treatment of VaD. Therefore， by reviewing the available literature related to VaD， this study sorted out the pathogenesis of VaD from traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine， and concluded that in TCM， VaD was characterized by the deficiency of the spleen and kidney （deficiency） and combination of phlegm and blood stasis （excess）， while in western medicine， the pathogenesis of VaD is mainly inflammatory response， oxidative stress， abnormal expression of related proteins， and dysfunction of signaling pathways. On this basis， this study also summarized the research on the mechanism of action of commonly used single Chinese herbal medicine and Chinese herbal medicine compound， western medicine， and the combination of Chinese herbal medicine and western medicine in the treatment of VaD in recent years. The commonly used single Chinese herbal medicine Ginkgo Folium and Chinese herbal medicine compound Dihuang Yinzi have the multi-component and multi-target characteristics and few adverse reactions in the treatment of VaD， while the commonly used western medicines such as donepezil and memantine have the characteristics of the clear target and quick onset. The combination of Chinese herbal medicine and western medicines can achieve a better effect. This study summarized the research on the pathogenesis and treatment of VaD， aiming to link the pathogenesis of VaD with the mechanism of effective drug therapy， and provide an important reference for future drug development for the treatment of VaD.

Objective:To investigate the etiological mechanism in single small subcortical infarction (SSSI) with different imaging features.Methods:The patients registered in a database of ischemic stroke in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to December 2019 were analyzed. According to the lowest slice (LS) and the total number of involved slices (TNS) on diffusion-weighted imaging, the SSSI was divided into 3 types: proximal SSSI (pSSSI; LS≤2), distal and large SSSI (dl-SSSI; LS>2, TNS>2) and distal and small SSSI (ds-SSSI; LS>2, TNS≤2). The clinical and imaging features among 3 different lesion patterns were compared by using χ 2 test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and multiple Logistic regression analysis, etc. Results:In the 3 groups of ds-SSSI ( n=205), dl-SSSI ( n=157) and pSSSI ( n=166), the prevalences of parent artery disease (PAD)[10.7% (22/205) , 19.1% (30/157) , 42.8% (71/166), respectively, χ 2=54.89, P<0.001], coronary artery disease [8.3% (17/205), 14.0% (22/157), 16.9%(28/166), respectively, χ 2=6.44, P=0.040] and severe white matter hyperintensities (sWMHs)[58.0% (119/205), 43.3% (68/157), 41.0% (68/166), respectively, χ 2=12.94, P<0.001], the level of serum homocysteine (Hcy)[18.01 (13.54, 25.56), 16.03 (12.50, 21.09), 14.72 (11.12, 19.14) μmol/L, respectively, H=19.36, P<0.001], and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score[2(1, 3), 3(1, 4), 3(2, 6), respectively, H=39.53, P<0.001] showed statistically significant differences. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with dl-SSSI patients, the lesion pattern of patients with higher proportion of PAD ( OR=3.12, 95% CI 1.86-5.24, P<0.001) was closer to pSSSI; the lesion pattern of patients with higher serum Hcy level ( OR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04, P=0.046) or higher proportion of sWMHs ( OR=1.79, 95% CI 1.12-2.86, P=0.015) was closer to ds-SSSI, and the lesion pattern of patients with higher proportion of PAD ( OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.27-0.93, P=0.029) or higher NIHSS score ( OR=0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.92, P<0.001) was closer to dl-SSSI. Conclusions:The pathogenesis of ds-SSSI tends to be cerebral small vessel disease. The pathogenesis of pSSSI is related to atherosclerosis. The patients with dl-SSSI have the intermediate characteristics of pSSSI and ds-SSSI and may be unstable.

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a catastrophic impact on human life and economic life. Due to the combination of multiple underlying diseases and low vaccination rates, dialysis patients are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are likely to have more severe illness and even death. Moreover, dialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may initially present as asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, which makes it very difficult to identify severe patients at an early stage. Here, the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, risk factors for prognosis, vaccination and therapeutic strategies of dialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were summarized and analyzed, and it is hoped to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this special group of patients.

Objective This study focused on the application regularity of medicinal and dietary substances (MDS) of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diet therapy during rehabilitation, in order to help patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) reduce sequelae and improve their life quality. Methods The official websites of the national and provincial health committees, the website of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the China BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database were used to search the keywords, such as “coronavirus” “novel coronavirus pneumonia” “COVID-19” “protocol” “guideline” “consensus” and “rehabilitation period”. The search time was from the establishment of databases to July 31, 2022. The prevention and control protocols of various provinces and cities were manually supplemented and screened out. The information on the frequency, property, flavor, meridian tropism, and efficacy of MDS was collected for association rule analysis through the Apriori algorithm. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using the Euclidean distance and longest distance. Results A total of 18 protocols were screened out, including 56 lists of TCM diet therapy, and 47 kinds of MDS with a frequency of 132 times during the rehabilitation of COVID-19. Among them, six lists of diet therapy were collected from national websites, 26 from local government websites, and 24 from social and academic institution websites. The intended population can be divided into seven categories including normal recovery, lung-spleen Qi deficiency, deficiency of both Qi and Yin, spleen-stomach weakness, deficiency of Yang Qi, kidney Qi deficiency, and blood deficiency. Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) and Lianzi (Nelumbinis Semen), followed by Dazao (Jujubae Fructus) were used most commonly in MDS, with mainly flat property, sweet flavor, and spleen and lung meridians in meridian tropism. Besides, deficiency-tonifying drugs were commonly used in MDS. Through association rule analysis, 12 groups of association MDS pairs were obtained. The pair of Yiyiren (Coicis Semen) and Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) had the highest Lift value, and Yiyiren (Coicis Semen) was used most frequently in the MDS category for eliminating pathogenic factors. The results of complex network analysis showed that the core MDS were Yiyiren (Coicis Semen), Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Huangqi (Astragali Radix), Fuling (Poria), and Dazao (Jujubae Fructus). Three core categories were classified by cluster analysis, including the category of strengthening spleen, nourishing kidney, and grasping Qi, the category of removing phlegm, abating panting, and regulating Qi, and the category of strengthening the middle-energizer and reinforcing Qi. Conclusion Based on the TCM theory, most patients during the rehabilitation of COVID-19 are in a state of lingering pathogens due to deficient vital Qi. TCM diet therapy is based on the principle of “giving both reinforcing and reducing treatment”, and the MDS combinations focus on both reinforcing the health Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors. The diet therapy mainly uses the MDS with flat property and sweet flavor, which belongs to deficiency-tonifying drugs, adding suitable MDS of pathogen-eliminating drugs according to different situations. The ultimate goal is to promote lung inflammation absorption, improve pulmonary fibrosis, increase immunity, reduce the occurrence of sequelae, and improve life quality.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)is a common chronic lung disease in preterm infants, which seriously affects the survival rate of preterm infants.Its etiology and pathogenesis are complex and unclear.Therefore, the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of BPD have become an important clinical issue.With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, it has been found that the respiratory tract flora can act as an early biomarker of BPD risk, and then judge the progress of BPD and the timing of treatment, so as to achieve the purpose of early treatment and improved prognosis.This article mainly describes the changes in the diversity and abundance of the respiratory tract flora of BPD in premature infants, the mechanism of action of the flora on BPD, and the future treatment methods based on the flora.

Objective:To investigate whether idebenone can improve behavioral disorders in mice with Parkinson disease (PD) by increasing PHB2 mediated mitophagy.Methods:In the first small experiment, thirty mice were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and treatment group according to the random number table method, with 10 animals in each group.The aim of this study was to observe the effect of idebenone on the behavior of Parkinson disease model mice. In the second experiment, 20 mice were randomly divided into blank control group, MPTP group, shRNA-PHB2 group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group, with 5 mice in each group. The changes of tyrosine dehydrogenase (TH) in brain tissue were detected by immunofluorescence assay. In the third experiment, 30 mice were randomly divided into blank control group, shRNA-PHB2 group, MPTP+ idebenone group, shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group, shRNA-PHB2+ idebenone group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group, with 5 animals in each group. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of idebenone on mitochondrial autophagy in mouse brain.C57BL-6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with MPTP to establish the animal model of chronic PD. Then 200 mg / kg idebenone was given by gavage for 21 days. And the expression of PHB2 in brain was inhibited by microinjection of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) shRNA inhibin 2(PHB2) into lateral ventricle. The behavioral changes of the PD mice were detected by Morris water maze, and the changes of tyrosine dehydrogenase (TH) induced by inhibiting PHB2 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression of LC3 and PHB2 in substantia nigra of midbrain was detected by Western blot.The data were analyzed by GraphPad 7.0 and SPSS 22.0.Results:(1) In the water maze test data of the first small experiment, the repeated measurement ANOVA showed that the group-time interaction effects of latency of mice from 1 to 7 days were significant ( Ftime×group=20.51, P<0.05). Simple effect analysis showed that on the 5th, 6th and 7th day, the incubation period of the treatment group was significantly shortened (all P<0.05). Univariate analysis of variance showed that on the 7th day of the test, the differences between the control group and the model group, the model group and the treatment group, the control group and the treatment group were all statistically significant( t=-49.95, -21.81, 28.14; all P<0.01). In the third small experiment, repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that the interaction between time and group was significant ( Ftime×group=42.11, P<0.01). Simple effect analysis showed that compared with MPTP+ idebenone group, the latency of shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group was significantly prolonged (all P<0.05). There were no significant difference between shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group except the 4th day ( P<0.05). On the 7th day, compared with MPTP+ idebenone group, the residence time of shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group was significantly increased ( t=-34.36, P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group ( t=2.94, P>0.05). (2)The results of immunofluorescence experiment showed that the relative expression of TH in the control group, model group, shRNA-PHB2 group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group were (41.03±3.01), (24.20±4.18), (38.39±3.31) and (13.12±2.65), respectively. Compared with the control group, the expression of TH in the midbrain of the MPTP group was significantly down-regulated, the difference was statistically significant( t=7.98, P<0.01). Compared with the MPTP group, the expression of TH in shRNA-PHB2 group was down regulated ( t=-6.73, P<0.05). (3) Western blot results showed that the relative expression of LC3 in midbrain tissue of control group, shRNA-PHB2 group, MPTP+ idebenone group, shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP group, shRNA-PHB2+ idebenone group and shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group were (0.86±0.07), (0.77±0.08), (0.42±0.05), (0.21±0.05), (0.66±0.09) and (0.27±0.07). The relative expression of PHB2 were (1.13±0.14), (0.56±0.11), (1.08±0.14), (0.27±0.07), (0.68±0.14) and (0.24±0.10). Compared with MPTP+ idebenone group, the relative expression of LC3 and PHB2 in shRNA-PHB2+ MPTP+ idebenone group was significantly decreased ( F=1.96, P<0.01). Conclusion:Idebenone can increase the level of mitophagy in PD mice through PHB2, thus improving the behavioral disorder.