Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and social impairment was one of the core symptoms of ASD, which can seriously affects the social life of patients.The pathogenesis of social impairment in ASD is unclear and it may involves many brain abnormalities.The related theories and hypotheses are numerous and there is no unified conclusion. Studies have shown that the cerebellum has extensive connections with brain networks and is involved in the regulation of social cognition, but its role in ASD has not been fully emphasized.The structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellar-cortex (CC) loop in ASD patients can lead to language communication disorders, empathy disorders, difficulties in interpreting social cues, abnormal social reward processing and emotional regulation disorders, which are closely related to ASD social impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the superficial cerebellum can improve the abnormal CC circuit in ASD patients, and the cerebellum can be considered as a target for the treatment of social disorders in ASD in the future.Based on the clinical and basic researches on social impairment in ASD in recent years, this article reviews the relevant manifestations of disorders which cerebellar and CC circuit involved, aiming to promote the development of related research in the future.

As the incidence of autism rises annually,its unknown pathogenesis makes it challenging to treat the varied repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that characterize its core symptoms.The striatum is an important brain region for the control of locomotor behaviors,featuring a unique mosaic structure,complex neural origin,and finely regulated developmental process that is highly susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.Both clinical and basic studies have indicated that abnormal development of the striatal nuclei may contribute to the pathogenesis of these repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism.Clinical imaging data have primarily identified gross anatomical variations in the stratum(e.g.,its general outline),but lack the resolution necessary to detect the cellular and subcellular alterations within the region.By introducing the abnormalities in the spatiotemporal development of the striatum and their links to the characteristic behaviors of autism,this review aims to advance our understanding of the role of the striatum in autism pathogenesis and to inform future animal studies and clinical research.

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and social impairment was one of the core symptoms of ASD, which can seriously affects the social life of patients.The pathogenesis of social impairment in ASD is unclear and it may involves many brain abnormalities.The related theories and hypotheses are numerous and there is no unified conclusion. Studies have shown that the cerebellum has extensive connections with brain networks and is involved in the regulation of social cognition, but its role in ASD has not been fully emphasized.The structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellar-cortex (CC) loop in ASD patients can lead to language communication disorders, empathy disorders, difficulties in interpreting social cues, abnormal social reward processing and emotional regulation disorders, which are closely related to ASD social impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the superficial cerebellum can improve the abnormal CC circuit in ASD patients, and the cerebellum can be considered as a target for the treatment of social disorders in ASD in the future.Based on the clinical and basic researches on social impairment in ASD in recent years, this article reviews the relevant manifestations of disorders which cerebellar and CC circuit involved, aiming to promote the development of related research in the future.

As the incidence of autism rises annually,its unknown pathogenesis makes it challenging to treat the varied repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that characterize its core symptoms.The striatum is an important brain region for the control of locomotor behaviors,featuring a unique mosaic structure,complex neural origin,and finely regulated developmental process that is highly susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.Both clinical and basic studies have indicated that abnormal development of the striatal nuclei may contribute to the pathogenesis of these repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism.Clinical imaging data have primarily identified gross anatomical variations in the stratum(e.g.,its general outline),but lack the resolution necessary to detect the cellular and subcellular alterations within the region.By introducing the abnormalities in the spatiotemporal development of the striatum and their links to the characteristic behaviors of autism,this review aims to advance our understanding of the role of the striatum in autism pathogenesis and to inform future animal studies and clinical research.

A 75-year-old male received an IV infusion of moxifloxacin hydrochloride injection (moxifloxacin) 400 mg/d once daily for valvular heart disease complicated with heart failure and pulmonary infection. On the second day, the electrocardiogram showed that the corrected QT interval (QTc) was prolonged from 455 ms before treatment to 490 ms. On the third day, amiodarone hydrochloride for injection (amiodarone) 150 mg was given by slow intravenous injection in the early morning due to atrial fibrillation and 300 mg of amiodarone was continuously pumped at the speed of 30 mg/h at noon. In the afternoon of the 4th day, amiodarone 300 mg was given again via a pump at a speed of 30 mg/h. About 20 minutes later,the QTc was prolonged to 607 ms. On the 5th day, amiodarone was not given again, but the QTc continued to be prolonged up to 674 ms. On the 6th day, the QTc gradually returned to be within the normal range after discontinuation of moxifloxacin. The prolongation of QT interval in the patient was considered to be associated with moxifloxacin and amiodarone.

A 75-year-old male received an IV infusion of moxifloxacin hydrochloride injection (moxifloxacin) 400 mg/d once daily for valvular heart disease complicated with heart failure and pulmonary infection. On the second day, the electrocardiogram showed that the corrected QT interval (QTc) was prolonged from 455 ms before treatment to 490 ms. On the third day, amiodarone hydrochloride for injection (amiodarone) 150 mg was given by slow intravenous injection in the early morning due to atrial fibrillation and 300 mg of amiodarone was continuously pumped at the speed of 30 mg/h at noon. In the afternoon of the 4th day, amiodarone 300 mg was given again via a pump at a speed of 30 mg/h. About 20 minutes later,the QTc was prolonged to 607 ms. On the 5th day, amiodarone was not given again, but the QTc continued to be prolonged up to 674 ms. On the 6th day, the QTc gradually returned to be within the normal range after discontinuation of moxifloxacin. The prolongation of QT interval in the patient was considered to be associated with moxifloxacin and amiodarone.

Objective To investigate the role of the predictive prognostic value of BRCA1 screened by whole genome expression profiling in ductal carcinoma in situ.Methods Collected 4 cases of breast ductal carcinoma and 4 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma fresh samples from January 2014 to June 2014,and the difference of BRCA1 expression on whole genone expression profiling was analyzed by microarray comparative genomic hybridization.The expression of BRCA1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 70 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast,and the prognosis of intraductal carcinoma was evaluated.Results BRCA1 gene differentially expressed in invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ by screening.The positive rate of BRCA1 protein in breast ductal carcinoma in 14.3％ (10/70),its expression had no significant relationship with age (P =0.959),menopause (P =0.959),tumor size (P =0.627),axillary lymph node status (P =1.000),HR status (P =0.958),HER-2 status (P =1.000),P53 expression (P =0.460).ductal carcinoma with micro-infiltration ratio in BRCA1 negative group was higher than BRCA1-positive group (P =0.043).The median follow-up of 47 months,Disease-free survival rate of all was 97.1％.Disease-free survival of BRCA1 negative group and BRCA1-positive group had no significant difference (96.7％ vs 100％,P =0.569),over all survival of BRCA1 negative and positive groups was 100％.Conclusions BRCA1 expression may not predict the prognosis of intraductal carcinoma,but ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion group ratio in BRCA1 negative was higher than ductal carcinoma in situ group,BRCA1 may take affect within ductal carcinoma infiltration process work.