Background: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder in which immune dysregulation and skin barrier dysfunction play crucial roles, alongside neuroendocrine factors. Psychological stress influences the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, thereby altering cortisol secretion and inflammatory responses. However, the relationships among cortisol levels, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), psychological parameters, and disease severity remain insufficiently explored. Aim: To compare cortisol levels, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and psychological parameters between adults with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted including 12 patients with atopic dermatitis and 12 healthy controls. Serum cortisol levels and complete blood counts (for NLR calculation) were assessed. Psychological status was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Disease severity was measured using the SCORAD index. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and correlation analyses. Results: Cortisol levels in the atopic dermatitis group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.001). Cortisol levels showed a significant negative correlation with SCORAD scores (r = -0.65, p = 0.021) and GAD-7 scores (r=-0.56, p=0.036). A negative correlation was also observed between disease duration and cortisol levels (r=-0.53, p=0.075), although this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Dysregulation of the HPA axis in atopic dermatitis, reflected by reduced cortisol levels, may be associated with increased disease severity and psychological stress. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating psychological assessment into the comprehensive management of atopic dermatitis.

Spent brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was hydrolysed using bovine pancreatictissue as an enzyme source. The resulting hydrolysate contains 4.7% amino nitrogenand the ratio Namin/Ntot was determined as 0.6. Moreover, other physico-chemicalparameters of the hydrolysate were also comparable with the same products on foreignmarkets. Toxicity of hydrolysate is low (LD50 2,5 g/kg), microbiological and heavy metalcontamination were in required range. The IC50 value of obtained yeast hydrolysate’santioxidative activity according to the DPPH assay was 1.6±0.5 mg/ml, while IC¬50 ofthe yeast hydrolysate rich in Cyclo-His-Pro evaluated as 1.9 mg/mL.

Irrational use of medicines is a major problem of worldwide. WHO estimates that more than half of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately, and that half of all patients fail to take them correctly. This incorrect use may take the form of overuse, underuse, and misuse of prescription or non- prescription medicines.And WHO ascribing that there are four common problems for irrational use;• Polypharmacy /use of too many medicines/• Overuse of antibiotics and injections;• Failure to prescribe in accordance with clinicalguidelines;• Inappropriate self-medication.This list estimates us an irrational use of prescription medicines is common problem of irrational use of medicine. And so there are many factors contributing irrational use of prescription medicines. But substantial factor is inappropriate unethical promotion of medicines by pharmaceutical companies. Most prescribers getmedicine information from pharmaceutical companies rather than independent sources such as clinical guidelines. This can often lead to overuse. Some countries allow direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines, which may lead to patients pressuring doctors for unnecessary medicines.Many developing and developed countries ascribing that to protect the public health by assuring prescription medicine information is truthful balanced and accurately communicated.Irrational use of medicines and problem of pharmaceutical promotions are determined here in above by WHO and FDA.Our health care system can’t yet determine that “How to marketing promotion for prescription medicines affects prescribing behavior?” and how we can complete problems of promotions of prescription medicines.It is essential that under today’s circumstances this deficiencies are immediately identified and eliminated, and the directions for further course of action are appropriately determined.