Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), known for its beneficial effects on gut and vaginal microflora, is considered a low-pathogenicity organism with the propensity to cause infection in immunocompromised patients. To our knowledge, no cases have been reported in liver transplant recipients (LTR). Here, we report the first case with L. rhamnosus intra-abdominal infection and pleural empyema in a LTR, along with review of the literature. The isolate found in peritoneal and pleural fluid cultures exhibited complete resistance to routinely prescribed antibiotics in LTR. The majority of infections documented in the literature occur in individuals with chronic health conditions, and are linked to high mortality rates. In conclusion, while L. rhamnosus is an opportunistic pathogen, this and previous documented examples underscore the need of heightened recognition of its potential as a pathogen, and its resistance in immunocompromised patients. In order to get a more favourable result, it is crucial to initiate tailored early antimicrobial therapy alongside efficient source control.

Aim: To evaluate the ameliorative effect of vitamin E on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis. Methods: Adult male albino mice were orally administered 25 or 50 μg of aflatoxin in 0.2 mL olive oil per d for 45 d.The testis was isolated, blotted free of blood and processed for biochemical analysis. Results: There was a dose-dependent significantlyhigher lipid peroxidation in the testis of aflatoxin treated mice than in the controls. The levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, total and reduced ascorbic acid, as well as the activities of enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were significantly lower in the testis of aflatoxin treated mice. Vitamin E (2 mg/d per animal; orally) pretreatment significantly ameliorates the aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation which could be due to higher enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the testis of mice as compared with those given aflatoxin alone. Conclusion: Vitamin E pretreatment significantly ameliorates aflatoxininduced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice.