Objective To evaluate the performance of the artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province. Methods Fifty O. hupensis robertsoni and 50 Tricula samples were collected from Yongbei Township, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, a schistosomiasis-endemic area in Yunnan Province in May 2024. A total of 100 snail sample images were captured with smartphones, including front-view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (upward shell opening) and back-view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (downward shell opening). Snail samples were identified as O. hupensis robertsoni or Tricula by schistosomiasis control experts with a deputy senior professional title and above according to image quality and morphological characteristics. A standard dataset for snail image classification was created, and served as a gold standard for recognition of snail samples. A total of 100 snail sample images were recognized with the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system based on a WeChat mini program in smartphones. Schistosomiasis control professionals were randomly sampled from stations of schistosomisis prevention and control and centers for disease control and prevention in 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts, cities) of Yunnan Province, for artificial identification of 100 snail sample images. All professionals are assigned to two groups according the median years of snail survey experiences, and the effect of years of snail survey experiences on O. hupensis robertsoni sample image recognition was evaluated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Youden’s index and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were calculated for recognition of snail sample images. The snail sample image recognition results of AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were compared with the gold standard, and the internal consistency of artificial identification results was evaluated with the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Results A total of 54 schistosomiasis control professionals were sampled for artificial identification of snail sample image recognition, with a response rate of 100% (54/54), and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s index, and AUC of artificial identification were 90%, 86%, 94%, 0.80 and 0.90 for recognition of snail sample images, respectively. The overall Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of artificial identification was 0.768 for recognition of snail sample images, and the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was 0.916 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images and 0.925 for recognition of Tricula snail sample images. The overall accuracy of artificial identification was 90% for recognition of snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni (86%) and Tricula snail sample images (94%) (χ² = 1.778, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (88%) and downward shell openings (92%) (χ² = 0.444, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less (75%) and more than 6 years (90%) (χ² = 7.792, P < 0.05). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system were 88%, 100%, 76% and 0.88 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images between the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification (χ² = 0.204, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (90%) and downward shell openings (86%) (χ² = 0.379, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less and more than 6 years (χ² = 5.604, P_adjusted < 0.025). Conclusions The accuracy of recognition of snail sample images is comparable between the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification by schistosomiasis control professionals, and the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system is feasible for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in Yunnan Province.

Background/Aims: The World Health Organization set the goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, with 80% and 65% reductions in HCV incidence and mortality rates, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the health benefits, cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of HCV elimination. Methods: Using an HCV transmission compartmental model, we evaluated the benefits and costs of different strategies combining screening and treatment for Chinese populations. We identified strategies to achieve HCV elimination and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted for 2022–2030 to identify the optimal elimination strategy. Furthermore, we estimated the ROI by 2050 by comparing the required investment with the economic productivity gains from reduced HCV incidence and deaths. Results: The strategy that results in the most significant health benefits involves conducting annual primary screening at a rate of 14%, re-screening people who inject drugs annually and the general population every five years, and treating 95% of those diagnosed (P14-R4-T95), preventing approximately 5.75 and 0.44 million HCV infections and deaths, respectively, during 2022–2030. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $12,615, the P14-R4-T95 strategy is the most cost-effective, with an ICER of $5,449/DALY. By 2050, this strategy would have a net benefit of $120,997 million (ROI=0.868). Conclusions Achieving HCV elimination in China by 2030 will require significant investment in large-scale universal screening and treatment, but it will yield substantial health and economic benefits and is cost-effective.

Background/Aims: The World Health Organization set the goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, with 80% and 65% reductions in HCV incidence and mortality rates, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the health benefits, cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of HCV elimination. Methods: Using an HCV transmission compartmental model, we evaluated the benefits and costs of different strategies combining screening and treatment for Chinese populations. We identified strategies to achieve HCV elimination and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted for 2022–2030 to identify the optimal elimination strategy. Furthermore, we estimated the ROI by 2050 by comparing the required investment with the economic productivity gains from reduced HCV incidence and deaths. Results: The strategy that results in the most significant health benefits involves conducting annual primary screening at a rate of 14%, re-screening people who inject drugs annually and the general population every five years, and treating 95% of those diagnosed (P14-R4-T95), preventing approximately 5.75 and 0.44 million HCV infections and deaths, respectively, during 2022–2030. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $12,615, the P14-R4-T95 strategy is the most cost-effective, with an ICER of $5,449/DALY. By 2050, this strategy would have a net benefit of $120,997 million (ROI=0.868). Conclusions Achieving HCV elimination in China by 2030 will require significant investment in large-scale universal screening and treatment, but it will yield substantial health and economic benefits and is cost-effective.

Background/Aims: The World Health Organization set the goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, with 80% and 65% reductions in HCV incidence and mortality rates, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the health benefits, cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of HCV elimination. Methods: Using an HCV transmission compartmental model, we evaluated the benefits and costs of different strategies combining screening and treatment for Chinese populations. We identified strategies to achieve HCV elimination and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted for 2022–2030 to identify the optimal elimination strategy. Furthermore, we estimated the ROI by 2050 by comparing the required investment with the economic productivity gains from reduced HCV incidence and deaths. Results: The strategy that results in the most significant health benefits involves conducting annual primary screening at a rate of 14%, re-screening people who inject drugs annually and the general population every five years, and treating 95% of those diagnosed (P14-R4-T95), preventing approximately 5.75 and 0.44 million HCV infections and deaths, respectively, during 2022–2030. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $12,615, the P14-R4-T95 strategy is the most cost-effective, with an ICER of $5,449/DALY. By 2050, this strategy would have a net benefit of $120,997 million (ROI=0.868). Conclusions Achieving HCV elimination in China by 2030 will require significant investment in large-scale universal screening and treatment, but it will yield substantial health and economic benefits and is cost-effective.

Objective To investigate the prediction model of hypotension in patients with hepato-cellular carcinoma resection using controlled low central venous pressure technique(CLCVP).Methods A total of 144 patients with liver cancer admitted from January 2020 to June 2023 were retrospectively ana-lyzed,including 81 males and 63 females,aged 45-64 years,BMI 22-26 kg/m2,ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ.144 patients were randomly divided into trial set(n=96)and verification set(n=48)according to 2:1.The trial set and verification set were divided into hypotensive group and non-hypotensive group ac-cording to whether hypotension occurred after operation.Preoperative albumin,preoperative hemoglobin,op-eration method,operation time,tumor site,tumor size,hilar block time,number of hilar block times,hilar block interval time,blood loss,mean intraoperative CVP,intraoperative fluid volume,and intraoperative u-rine volume were collected.Univariate and multivariate Logistic analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of hypotension in the experimental group,and a risk prediction model was established.The risk prediction model was verified in the validation group.Results There were 29 patients(30.2％)of postoperative hy-potension in the test group and 15 patients(31.3％)of postoperative hypotension in the validation group.Compared with the non-hypotensive group,the preoperative albumin in the hypotensive group was signifi-cantly decreased(P<0.05),the operation time was significantly prolonged,the ratio of tumor diameter≥5 cm,and the amount of blood loss were significantly increased(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative albumin elevation(OR=0.216,95％CI 0.164-0.665,P<0.05)was an independent protective factor for postoperative hypotension.Prolonged operative time(OR=2.649,95％CI 1.802-7.553,P<0.05),tumor diameter≥5 cm(OR=3.789,95％CI 2.011-12.458,P<0.05),in-creased blood loss(OR=8.873,95％CI 2.750-17.553,P<0.05)was an independent risk factor for postoperative hypotension.According to the results of multi-factor analysis,the risk factors of postoperative hypotension in patients with controlled low central venous pressure hepatocellular carcinoma resection were established:F=-408.64-(1.534×preoperative albumin)+(0.974×operation time)+(1.332×tumor diameter≥5 cm)+(2.183×blood loss).The risk model was validated in the validation set,and the area under the ROC curve(AUC)was0.821(0.695-0.943),the sensitivity was71.7％,and the speci-ficity was 86.5％.The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed that χ2=10.654,P=0.222.Conclusion Prolonged operative time,tumor diameter≥5 cm and increased blood loss are risk factors for hypotension after hepatocellular carcinoma resection using CLCVP technique,and higher preoperative albumin is protective factor.The establishment of risk prediction model through multi-factor analysis has good forecasting value.

Objective To study the effect of rhodiola crenulata compound on serum corticosterone and myocardial glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) in rats exposed high sustained +Gz.Methods Seventy-two healthy SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank control group, stress control group, +10 Gz stress group and low, medium, high dose drug group, with twelve rats in each.20 mL/kg menstruum was fed to each rat once per day for 14 days.Low, medium and high dose drug group were fed with rhodiola crenulata compound at doses of 0.75 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 3.0 g/kg respectively, the other three groups were fed with equal volume saline.Rats were exposed to high +Gz in 15th day.The concentration of corticosterone in the serum of each group rats was detected with ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of GR in the myocardium of each group rats .Results The content of corticosterone was significantly elevated in +10Gz stress group, while the expression of GR in the myocardium was markedly declined (P <0.01,P <0.05).However, compound preconditioning could decrease concentration of corticosterone in the serum and enhance the expression of GR in the myocardium from rats after +10 Gz exposure. The corticosterone concentration of medium and high dose drug groups was significantly lower and the level of GR expression in the myocardium was significantly higher than that of +10 Gz stress group ( P <0.05 , P <0.01 ) . Conclusion Rhodiola crenulata compound preconditioning could regulate the concentration of corticosterone in the serum and the level of GR expression in the myocardium of the rats exposed +10 Gz, which may be related with its protective effect on high sustained +Gz-induced injury of myocardium.

Objective To investigate the effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on life quality of patients with growth hormone deficiency after sellar tumor surgery.Methods The data of 13 patients undergoing sellar tumor resection and suffering postoperative hypopituitarism from Jun.2009 to Dec.2010.were collected.Each of them was given daily 0.5 units growth hormone (about 0.17 mg) as replacement therapy.The life quality of patients at different time points was evaluated with QoL-GDHA scale.SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results 1,3,and 6 months after treatment,QoL-GDHA score of the patients was 3.91± 2.29,3.38 + 2.43,and 3.23 + 2.28 repectively,significantly lower than before ( 8.69 ± 2.66).The difference had statistical significance (P ＜0.05 ).Conclusion Growth hormone replacement therapy can significantly improve the life quality of patients with hypopituitarism after sellar tumor surgery.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a reasonable return level for Chinese pharmaceutical industry and to study the return level of the domestic pharmaceutical industry from 2000 to 2005.METHODS:In view of the financial data of Chinese pharmaceutical industry in the statistical yearbook from 2001 to 2006,the return level for Chinese pharmaceutical industry was established based on its risk level using the principle of "risk-return equilibrium",and the rationality of the return level of Chinese pharmaceutical industry over the 6 years was validated as well.RESULTS:Over the 6 years,the average lowest anticipating rate of return for the Chinese medicine industry was 7.72% and the actually average assets income rate stood at 8.53%,i.e.the average abnormal return rate over the 6 years was 0.81%.CONCLUSION:The return rate of Chinese pharmaceutical industry corresponds to the risk level as well as the reasonable return level.

OBJECTIVE:To probe into the profits level and profits-gaining capability of Chinese pharmaceutical industry.METHODS:Based on the data recorded in yearbooks between 2001 and 2006,the profits levels were compared between Chinese pharmaceutical industry and China social average assets,other industries in China and overseas pharmaceutical industry.RESULTS:Between 2000～ 2005,the profits level of Chinese pharmaceutical industry was lower than that of Chinese social average assets,i.e.the profit-gaining capability of Chinese pharmaceutical industry was lower than that of China social average assets.Between 2002～ 2004,the profits level of Chinese pharmaceutical industry ranked at the first 10 places among the 39 industries,but dropped far behind in 2005,meanwhile the number of pharmaceutical enterprises who suffered loss increased greatly.CONCLUSION:The prospect for the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry and the industry environment they confronted are far from optimistic.

AIM: To establish the method for quality control of Zangfukang Supposit ory (Radix Przewalskii tanguticae, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Herba Oxytropis falca tae, etc.). METHODS: Radix Przewalskii tanguticae, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Her ba Oxytropis falcatae were identified by TLC, and the content of hyoscyamine in Radix Przewalskii tanguticae was determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The ethyl acetate-methanol-ammonia(17∶2∶1) was applied as the developer for the identification of Radix Przewalskii tanguticae on silica gel G coating plate. The cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-formic acid (30∶15∶1) was applied as the developer for the identification of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli on s ilic a gel G coating plate. The cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-formic acid (50∶10∶1) w as taken as the developer for the identification of Herba Oxytropis falcatae als o on silica gel G coating plate. Hyoscyamine showed a good linear relationship a t a range of 2.5～25?g,r=0.9999. The average recovery was 99.59%, and RSD was 1.34%. CONCLUSION: The methods are accurate and reliable, and can control the quality of this preparation effectively.