Humans ; BNT162 Vaccine ; Anaphylaxis/etiology* ; COVID-19/prevention & control*

OBJECTIVE: To gather inputs from clinical experts on selecting and prioritizing research topics, to address unmet vaccine safety needs. METHODS: A questionnaire containing 15 vaccine safety assessment research proposals was sent to 28 vaccine experts chosen from various domestic medical association boards, and the rationale for each of the proposals was provided by presenting the following information: 1) a brief summary of the clinical safety studies on the vaccine, conducted by the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) project group, supervised by the United States Center for Disease Control (U.S. CDC), and 2) a summary of recently published studies that address vaccine safety issues. The experts were instructed to select and rank 5 topics in the order of preference, and the preference score for each proposed topic was calculated by assigning points on a scale of 1 to 5. RESULTS: All 28 experts responded to the questionnaire, and the following topics were selected according to their calculated preference scores: 1) Human papillomavirus vaccine safety profile in the Korean female adolescents; 2) A signal detection of adverse events following Influenza vaccination: comparison between the US and South Korea; 3) Incidence of anaphylaxis following National Immunization Program vaccines between 2008 and 2017; 4) Safety of quadrivalent influenza vaccines compared to trivalent influenza vaccines; and 5) Pneumococcal vaccine safety profile in the general population. CONCLUSION: Five research topics addressing vaccine safety were selected, for which well-constructed research protocols need to be promptly developed to address current unmet vaccine safety needs in South Korea.
Adolescent ; Anaphylaxis ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Research Design ; United States ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

Food allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction that occurs mainly by consumption of food. Some of the children with food allergies have mild symptoms like urticaria and pruritus, while others manifest fatal symptoms like anaphylaxis. Many cases develop in infants and children, and disappear spontaneously over time. The prevalence of food allergy is known to be up to 6% of children and 3%–4% of adults. Growing concern is that prevalence of food allergy seems to be increasing. The prevalence, common allergens and natural course of food allergy vary according to the race, age, eating habits, and unknown factors. In Korea, many researchers have reported regional data on food allergy for comparison with those of foreign countries. Awareness is increasing and food labelling is being established to help people avoid allergenic foods. In the future, monitoring of prevalence and common food allergens at regular intervals is needed to make appropriate policies for children with food allergy. There are still lack of data on pathogenesis, natural course and clinical trials of immunotherapy in Korean children. In addition, it is necessary to form a consensus on primary prevention of food allergy by early exposure to allergenic foods. Further regional studies should be performed to expand our understanding of food allergy and to lead to proper management for Korean children with food allergy.
Adult ; Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Child* ; Consensus ; Continental Population Groups ; Eating ; Food Hypersensitivity* ; Food Labeling ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Infant ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Primary Prevention ; Pruritus ; Urticaria

Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and might cause death when not treated promptly. Recently, the prevalence of anaphylaxis has been increasing worldwide, especially in children, and food-induced anaphylaxis is rapidly increasing. With the establishment of the Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease in 1987, awareness of anaphylaxis has been heightened in Korea as well. Initially, it was considered a clinical form of food or drug hypersensitivity, but not a single disease entity. After the second symposium on anaphylaxis in 2006 and the World Allergy Organization guideline on anaphylaxis in 2011, research more focused on anaphylaxis is ongoing. The study of anaphylaxis in Korean children was initially restricted to case reports due to novel triggers. Thereafter, research on the age-specific prevalence of anaphylaxis was conducted using the national big data and more recently, a large-scale hospital-based multicenter study was conducted. Also, reliable data on food-induced anaphylaxis have been attained through a large-scale multicenter case study and a population-based epidemiological study on food allergy and currently, a prospective multicenter anaphylaxis registry has been launched funded by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These series of studies have contributed to the international competitiveness in pediatric anaphylaxis research. However, there are still unmet needs such as diagnosis, severity, treatment or intervention of anaphylaxis, education for the prevention of recurrence, and establishment of policies for social safety. Further studies addressing these issues will contribute to improvement of quality of life and overcoming of the disease.
Anaphylaxis* ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Financial Management ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Recurrence

PURPOSE: The goal of nutritional support for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants from birth to term is to match the in utero growth rates; however, this is rarely achieved. METHODS: We evaluated postdischarge growth patterns and growth failure in 81 Korean VLBW infants through a retrospective study. Weight and height were measured and calculated based on age percentile distribution every 3 months until age 24 months. Growth failure was defined as weight and height below the 10th percentile at 24 months. For the subgroup analysis, small-for-gestational age (SGA) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants were evaluated. The growth patterns based on the Korean, World Health Organization (WHO), or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standard were serially compared over time. RESULTS: At postconception age (PCA) 40 weeks, 47 (58%) and 45 infants (55%) showed growth failure in terms of weight and height, respectively. At PCA 24 months, 20 infants (24%) showed growth failure for weight and 14 (18%) for height. Growth failure rates were higher for the SGA infants than for the appropriate-weight-for-gestational age infants at PCA 24 months (P=0.045 for weight and P=0.038 for height). Growth failure rates were higher for the ELBW infants than for the non-ELBW infants at PCA 24 months (P<0.001 for weight and P=0.003 for height). Significant differences were found among the WHO, CDC, and Korean standards (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Advancements in neonatal care have improved the catch-up growth of VLBW infants, but this is insufficient. Careful observation and aggressive interventions, especially in SGA and ELBW infants, are needed.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight* ; Nutritional Support ; Parturition ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Retrospective Studies ; World Health Organization

Serious tick-induced allergies comprise mammalian meat allergy following tick bites and tick anaphylaxis. Mammalian meat allergy is an emergent allergy, increasingly prevalent in tick-endemic areas of Australia and the United States, occurring worldwide where ticks are endemic. Sensitisation to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) has been shown to be the mechanism of allergic reaction in mammalian meat allergy following tick bite. Whilst other carbohydrate allergens have been identified, this allergen is unique amongst carbohydrate food allergens in provoking anaphylaxis. Treatment of mammalian meat anaphylaxis involves avoidance of mammalian meat and mammalian derived products in those who also react to gelatine and mammalian milks. Before initiating treatment with certain therapeutic agents (e.g., cetuximab, gelatine-containing substances), a careful assessment of the risk of anaphylaxis, including serological analysis for α-Gal specific-IgE, should be undertaken in any individual who works, lives, volunteers or recreates in a tick endemic area. Prevention of tick bites may ameliorate mammalian meat allergy. Tick anaphylaxis is rare in countries other than Australia. Tick anaphylaxis is secondarily preventable by prevention and appropriate management of tick bites. Analysis of tick removal techniques in tick anaphylaxis sufferers offers insights into primary prevention of both tick and mammalian meat anaphylaxis. Recognition of the association between mammalian meat allergy and tick bites has established a novel cause and effect relationship between an environmental exposure and subsequent development of a food allergy, directing us towards examining environmental exposures as provoking factors pivotal to the development of other food allergies and refocusing our attention upon causation of allergy in general.
Allergens ; Anaphylaxis ; Australia ; Cetuximab ; Environmental Exposure ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Gelatin ; Hypersensitivity ; Meat ; Milk ; Primary Prevention ; Tick Bites ; Ticks ; United States ; Volunteers

With the exception of shellfish, the overall food allergy rates in Singapore have not reached the epidemic proportions of the West. The rates of egg, milk and fish allergies remain low. However, the patterns of some food allergies in Singapore have changed over the last decade. For example, peanut allergy, once rare in Singapore, is now the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children. Studies analysing lifestyle practices, particularly with respect to prevention of food allergy, are necessary in order for practitioners to understand global differences and maintain this low prevalence.
Anaphylaxis ; diagnosis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Egg Hypersensitivity ; Fish Products ; Food Hypersensitivity ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Peanut Hypersensitivity ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To detect the changes of leukotriene E4(LTE4), prostaglandin D2(PGD2), carboxypeptidase A3(CPA3) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in guinea pigs died from anaphylactic shock. METHODS: Guinea pigs were used for establishing anaphylactic shock models. The levels of LTE4, PGD2 and CPA3, and PAF were detected in urine, plasma, and brain tissues with ELISA kit, respectively. The significant biomarkers were selected comparing with control group. The changes of PGD2, CPA3 and PAF in the guinea pigs at time zero, 12 and 24 hours after death were observed and compared respectively. The effect of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) to PAF in guinea pig brain was examined and compared. RESULTS: There were no statistically differences of LTE4 levels in urine observed between experimental group and control group. The levels of CPA3, PGD2 and PAF in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group at 0 h. The levels of PAF at 12 and 24 hours after anaphylactic shock were significantly higher than that in the control group. The levels of PAF decreased significantly after pretreatment with PAF-AH. CONCLUSION LTE4 in urine cannot be selected as a biomarker to determine the anaphylactic shock. PGD2 and CPA3 in plasma, and PAF in brain tissue may be used as biomarkers to determine the anaphylactic shock. PAF-AH may be potentially useful for clinical treatment of anaphylactic shock.
1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase/pharmacology* ; Anaphylaxis/prevention & control* ; Animals ; Brain/pathology* ; Carboxypeptidases/blood* ; Case-Control Studies ; Disease Models, Animal ; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Leukotriene E4/urine* ; Male ; Mice ; Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism* ; Prostaglandin D2/blood* ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo establish the evidence of exposure to rural areas would reduce the risk of atopic asthma and sensitization.

METHODSA cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2986 school-age children and their parents completed standardized questionnaires on atopic asthma and sensitization, wheezing. A radioallergosorbent technique-fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (RAST-FEIA) was used to measure the level of specific IgE in serum.

RESULTSThe risks of atopic and non-atopic asthma (OR = 0.45, 95% CI:0.13-0.96 and OR=0.41, 95% CI:0.15-0.95), atopic sensitization. and wheezing (OR= 0.32, 95% CI:0.11-0.62; OR =0.44, 95% CI:0.13-0.91) were lower in subjects living in village area compared with those living in towns. The risks of atopic asthma and sensitization were lower in subjects exposed to stables in first year (OR=0.23, 95% CI:0.04-0.91 and OR =0.32, 95% CI:0.17-0.78) and were lowest in those exposed continually until the age of 6 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI:0.03-0.87 and OR = 0.31, 95% CI:0.15-0.78) compared with those non-exposed in the first 6 years.

CONCLUSIONExposure to rural environment might have a protective effect on children against atopic asthma and sensitization while continual exposure could strengthen the effects.

Anaphylaxis ; complications ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Asthma ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Child ; China ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires

In this paper, literature about adverse reaction induced by Puerarin injection published in recent years were reviewed and analyzed. It was reported that Puerarin injection can not only induce adverse reactions on multiple systems, such as immune, blood, urinary, digestive and cardiovascular system, but so far as to cause death. Therefore, it should be administered rationally and strictly according to the direction and the course of medication should be rigorously monitored to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions.
Aged ; Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Anemia, Hemolytic ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Atrial Fibrillation ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Isoflavones ; adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vasodilator Agents ; adverse effects