AIM:To investigate the effect of apoptosis stimulation protein 2(ASPP2)on the development of traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR)in a rabbit model.METHODS:A total of 30 New Zealand white rabbits were selected, and the right eyes of all rabbits were inflicted with a scleral penetrating wound of approximately 6 mm. Then rabbits were randomly and evenly divided into experimental and control group. The experimental group received an intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL of ARPE-19 cell suspension transfected with lentivirus-ASPP2, while the control group received an intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL of ARPE-19 cell suspension transfected with negative control lentivirus. At 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk after PVR modeling, a handheld tonometer was used to measure the intraocular pressure. Moreover, fundus photography and ocular ultrasound examination were performed to detect the retinal proliferation. At 4 wk after modeling, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological retinal changes, and Western blot was used to determine the protein expressions of ASPP2 and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)marker Vimentin in the rabbit retinas.RESULTS:At 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk after modeling, there were no significant changes in intraocular pressure within the experimental and control group of rabbit eyes, either before or after PVR modeling, the success rate of PVR modeling in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.05), and the retinal proliferation and structural disorder was less severe in the experimental group. At 4 wk after modeling, the retinal protein expression level of ASPP2 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(t=3.193, P=0.033), while the Vimentin protein expression level was significantly lower in the experimental group(t=-3.599, P=0.023).CONCLUSION:ASPP2 may be involved in regulating the process of EMT in retinal pigment epithelial cells, thereby delaying the development and progression of traumatic PVR in rabbit eyes.

Based on spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness as the core pathogenesis of obesity， and integrating recent advances in modern medicine regarding the key role of immune inflammation in obesity， this paper proposes a multidimensional pathogenic network of "obesity-spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness-immune imbalance". Various traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） herbs that strengthen the spleen， regulate qi， and resolve phlegm and dampness can treat obesity by improving spleen-stomach transport and transformation， promoting water-damp metabolism， and regulating immune homeostasis. This highlights immune inflammation as an important entry point to elucidate the TCM concepts of "spleen deficiency-phlegm dampness" and the therapeutic principle of "strengthening the spleen and eliminating dampness to treat obesity". By systematically analyzing the intrinsic connection between "spleen deficiency generating dampness， internal accumulation of phlegm dampness" and immune dysregulation in obesity， this paper aims to provide theoretical support for TCM treatment of obesity based on dampness.

In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has achieved significant progress in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease （IBD）. A comprehensive literature search was conducted covering the period from January 1， 2010， to December 30， 2024， across Chinese databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database， and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System， as well as international databases such as PubMed， Web of Science， and Embase. The clinical applications and mechanistic studies of TCM in IBD were systematically reviewed. The current status of TCM research on the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD， innovative clinical practices， and multimodal therapeutic approaches， including Chinese herbal formulas， single herbs or active compounds， acupuncture， herbal retention enema， and acupoint application， were summarized， together with their synergistic effects when combined with western medical treatments. The development and application of Chinese patent medicines for IBD are undergoing a profound transition from efficacy validation to mechanistic exploration. Mechanistic studies on the effects of TCM in IBD mainly focus on regulating gut microbiota homeostasis， repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier， and modulating intestinal immune balance. Furthermore， future research directions for TCM-based IBD management are proposed， including the establishment of TCM diagnostic and treatment models， expanding integrated applications of external and internal TCM therapies， innovating personalized treatment strategies， and advancing drug development. These efforts aim to provide insights for the standardized and precision-oriented development of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition is about to be officially released. Based on multiple meetings and extensive consultations the vaccine products professional committee of the 12th pharmacopoeia commission, has revised and formed the general chapter 0237 for the preparation of national biological reference standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition volume Ⅲ. General chapter 0237, integrating the cutting-edge concepts from WHO’s related guidelines and the practical experience of biological reference standards both domestically, has revised the names of this chapter, updated and improved the technical requirements for candidate reference materials, collaborative calibration and value assignment, as well as stability research and monitoring. It also newly proposes the calculation of uncertainty of biological reference materials and emphasizes to pay attention to commutability. The implementation of general chapter 0237 will play a guiding role in improving the research and application level of biological reference materials in China. This article, by interpreting the revised content of general chapter 0237, aims to provide a reference for the researchers of biological reference materials.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the processing technology of Epimedium koreanum roasted with suet oil and analyze its characteristic chromatogram before and after processing. METHODS The optimal processing technology was optimized by orthogonal experiments with frying power， frying time and medicinal temperature as factors using the comprehensive score of appearance traits （color+odor）， alcohol-soluble extract， the contents of icariin and baohuoside Ⅰ as evaluation index， then proceed with verification. The E. koreanum roasted with suet oil was prepared with the optimal technology. The characteristic chromatograms of 15 batches of E. koreanum were established with the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 edition）， and then similarity analysis was also conducted. Clustering analysis， principal component analysis， and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the differences in E. koreanum before and after processing. RESULTS The optimal processing technique for E. koreanum roasted with suet oil was as follows： first， heat 4 g of suet oil at a power of 600 W until it melts； next， when the temperature at the bottom of the pan reaches 140 ℃， add 20 g of E. koreanum silk and stir-fry for 6 minutes； finally， remove it and let it cool. Comprehensive score of 3 validation tests was 98.94 points　（RSD＜3%）. The established characteristic chromatogram of E. koreanum and E. koreanum roasted with suet oil were calibrated with 16 and 15 common peaks， respectively. Chromatographic peak 2 was determined to be chlorogenic acid， peak 5 to be chaohuoding A， peak 6 to be chaohuoding B， peak 7 to be chaohuoding C， peak 8 to be icariin， and peak 14 to be baohuoside Ⅰ. The similarities were all greater than 0.9. Results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that E. koreanum and E. koreanum roasted with suet oil were clustered into distinct groups. The results of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that the variable importance projection values for peak 13， peak 15， peak 9， peak 1， peak 8， peak 12， peak 7， and peak 10 were all greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS The study successfully optimized the processing technology of suet oil-roasted E. koreanum. There are significant differences in the characteristic chromatograms of E. koreanum before and after processing. Among them， the chemical components corresponding to peak 13， peak 15， peak 9， peak 1， peak 8， peak 12， peak 7， and peak 10 may be the differential components of E. koreanum before and after processing.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy and anti-drug antibody production in children with Fabry disease.Methods:The clinical data of 7 children with Fabry disease treated with enzyme replacement therapy for more than 1 year at Children′s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from July 2021 to June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The basic information and the changes of related clinical indicators before and after treatment were collected. Paired sample t test was used to compare renal function, left heart mass index, pain score and other related indexes before and after treatment. The anti-drug antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:A total of 6 boys and 1 girl were included. The age of diagnosis was (12.2±1.8) years. After 1 year of enzyme replacement therapy, the abnormal substrate globotriaosylsphingosine and brief pain inventory scores of all children were significantly lower than those before treatment ((16±11) vs. (63±42) μg/L, 22±19 vs. 45±29, t=3.88, 3.43, both P<0.05). There were no significant differences in glomerular filtration rate, urinary microalbumin to creatinine and left heart mass index before and after treatment ((124±35) vs. (136±26) ml/(min·1.73 m 2), (9.3±8.3) vs. (3.8±2.5) mg/g, (38±9) vs. (33±6) g/m 2.7, t=1.33, 1.74, 1.19, all P>0.05). Patients 4, 5 and 6 developed anti-drug antibodies at 1 month, 4 months and 1 month after medication, respectively. Patient 4 had persistently high anti-drug antibody titers (absorbance 3.65-3.73) accompanied by urticaria, elevated globotriaosylsphingosine and worsening clinical symptoms. Conclusions:The enzyme replacement therapy can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and reduce the level of globotriaosylsphingosine in children with Fabry disease. The anti-drug antibody is common in patients after long-term enzyme replacement therapy and may diminish the efficacy, which needs dynamic monitoring.

BACKGROUND:Inflammation affects the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells,and the osteogenic ability and autophagy level of periodontal ligament stem cells are closely related.However,there are no relevant reports on whether inflammation affects the osteogenic ability and autophagy level of periodontal ligament stem cells at different stages of osteogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE:To explore alkaline phosphatase expression and autophagy periodontal ligament stem cells levels in periodontitis and normal conditions. METHODS:Periodontal ligament stem cells from normal and periodontitis patients were isolated and cultured,and underwent Vimentin,pan-CK,and Stro-1 fluorescence staining.At 3,7,and 14 days of osteogenic differentiation,western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression levels of alkaline phosphatase,LC3B,Beclin1,and ATG5 in normal and inflammatory periodontal ligament stem cells.The mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase,bone sialoprotein,osteocalcin,Runx2,LC3B,Beclin1,and ATG5 were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Stro-1 was positive,Vimentin was positive,and pan CK was negative in periodontal ligament stem cells.(2)At 3,7,and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation,compared with normal periodontal ligament stem cells,the mineralization nodules formed by periodontal ligament stem cells from inflammatory sources were significantly reduced(P<0.01);the expression of alkaline phosphatase protein and mRNA was significantly lower(P<0.05);the mRNA expression levels of bone sialoprotein,osteocalcin,and Runx2 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)At 7 and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation,compared with normal periodontal ligament stem cells,the expression levels of ATG5,LC3B,and Beclin1 proteins and mRNA of periodontal ligament stem cells were downregulated(P<0.05).These findings suggest that inflammation reduces the activity of periodontal ligament stem cells in mineralizing nodule formation and the expression of alkaline phosphatase and weakens the autophagy potential of periodontal ligament stem cells at 7 and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have confirmed that Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction can promote the recovery of spinal cord injury by inhibiting pyroptosis of splenic B cells,promoting the phagocytosis of myelin debris by microvascular endothelial cells,affecting the migration and infiltration of microglia,promoting the recovery of damaged neurons,and decreasing neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury,but the mechanism of this is still not clear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction on the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in mice following spinal cord injury. METHODS:Thirty-six C57BL/6 mice were selected and randomly divided into a sham-operation group,a model group and a Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group,with 12 mice in each group.In the model and Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction groups,mouse models of T10 spinal cord injury were prepared by the modified Allen's method.On the 1st day after modeling,the Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group was given Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction by gavage,and the sham-operation group and the model group were given saline by gavage once a day for 28 days.During the drug administration period,mouse motor function was evaluated by Basso Mouse Scale score and inclined plane test.On the 7th and 28th days after modeling,hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in the spinal cord tissue of the mice;immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the protein expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(IBA1)and TREM2;and western blot assay was used to detect the expression of TREM2,PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,Bcl2,Bax and Caspase3 in spinal cord tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Basso Mouse Scale scores and inclined plane test results indicated that the motor function of the mouse hindlimbs was declined after spinal cord injury,and Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction significantly improved motor function in mice with spinal cord injury.Hematoxylin-eosin staining results revealed that Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction significantly ameliorated the pathological structure of spinal cord tissue compared with the model group,manifesting as reduced degrees of dorsal white matter and neuronal atrophy,decreased cytoplasmic vacuolization,and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration.Immunofluorescence double staining results showed that on the 7th day after modeling,the protein expression of IBA1 and TREM2 in the model group was lower than that in the sham-operation group(P＜0.05),and the protein expression of IBA1 and TREM2 in the Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group was higher than that in the model group(P＜0.05);on the 28th day after modeling,the protein expression of TREM2 in the model group was lower than that in the sham-operation group(P＜0.05),and the protein expression of TREM2 in the spinal cord tissue of the mice in the Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group was higher than that in the model group(P＜0.05).Western blot results analysis demonstrated that on the 7th day after modeling,compared with the sham-operation group,the model group exhibited a significant reduction in TREM2,PI3K,and Bcl2/Bax(P＜0.05),as well as a significant increase in p-Akt,Bax and p-Akt/Aktp-PI3K(P＜0.05);compared with the model group,the Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group showed a significant increase in TREM2,PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,Bcl2,p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Ak,and Bcl2/Bax(P＜0.05),as well as a significant decrease in Bax and Caspase3 protein expression(P＜0.05).On the 28th day after modeling,compared with the sham-operation group,the model group exhibited a significant reduction in TREM2,PI3K,p-PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,Bcl2 and Bcl2/Bax(P＜0.05),as well as a significant increase in Bax protein expression(P＜0.05);compared with the model group,the Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction group showed a significant increase in TREM2,PI3K,Akt,p-Akt,Bcl2,and Bcl2/Bax(P＜0.05),as well as a significant decrease in Bax protein expression(P＜0.05).To conclude,Wen-Shen-Tong-Du Decoction may activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by up-regulating the expression of TREM2 protein in microglia,and then inhibit neuronal apoptosis,thus exerting neuroprotective effects and promoting the repair of spinal cord injury.

Objective To develop a multivariate modeling and prediction approach using the data of influenza incidence, meteorological factors and PM_2.5 variables in Hefei City, and to provide new insights into multivariate modeling and prediction methods. Methods PM_2.5 data were transformed into fractal dimension data and, along with meteorological data, were incorporated into a ConvLSTM model. The performance of this model was compared with traditional ARIMAX and multivariate LSTM models. Results The ARIMAX model's testing set Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 95.75, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was 176.72, and Index of Agreement (IA) was 0.396642. The multivariate LSTM model's testing set MAE was 22.18, RMSE was 43.06, and IA was 0.974611. For the fractal dimension-based ConvLSTM model, the testing set MAE was 17.37, RMSE was 32.25, and IA was 0.988149. Conclusion The fractal dimension effectively captures the complexity and self-similarity of PM_2.5 concentration, providing the model with richer feature information. The fractal dimension-based ConvLSTM model significantly outperforms the traditional ARIMAX model and the multivariate LSTM model in prediction accuracy and can be used for predicting the number of influenza cases.

The Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） （No. T/CACM1567-2024） was published by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine on January 11， 2024. To assist researchers and medical workers in understanding and applying the Guidelines more accurately， and also to provide reference and assistance for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models， this paper made a declaration of the workflow， technological links， development references， promotion of its application and after-effect evaluation of the Guidelines that has been made according to the requirements of "Draft Group Standard of the Standardization Office of the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine".