This review article classifies chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) based on cytogenetic analyses and different mutations detected in CML patients. The use of advanced technologies, such as karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and comparative genomic hybridization, has allowed us to study CML in detail and observe the different biochemical changes that occur in different CML types. This review also highlights the different types of receptor and signaling pathway mutations that occur in CML.