OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulatory effect of chidamide on CD8⁺ T cells in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: The expression levels of CXCL9 and CXCL3 mRNA in Jurkat cells, lymphocytes treated with chidamide and lymphocytes co-cultured with chidamide-treated Jurkat cells were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The proportion of CD8⁺ T cells in lymphocytes treated with chidamide and lymphocytes co-cultured with chidamide-treated Jurkat cells was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Chidamide upregulated CXCL9 mRNA expression in Jurkat cell line in a dose-dependent manner (r=0.950). The mRNA expression of CXCL9 in chidamide 5 μmol/L group was 164 times higher than that in control group. Chidamide upregulated CXCL9 mRNA expression in lymphocytes, but the up-regulated level was significantly lower than that in Jurkat cell line treated with the same concentration of chidamide. Co-culture with chidamide treated Jurkat cells upregulated the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells in lymphocytes. CONCLUSION In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chidamide may increase the concentration of CXCL9 in the tumor microenvironment by up-regulating the expression of CXCL9 in tumor cells, leading to an increase in the number of CD8⁺ T cells.
Humans ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Aminopyridines/pharmacology* ; Jurkat Cells ; RNA, Messenger ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Apoptosis ; Tumor Microenvironment

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of chidamide combined with anti-myeloma drugs on the proliferation and apoptosis of myeloma cells. METHODS: The proliferation inhibition of the cells was detected by CCK-8 method, and flow cytometry was used to detected the apoptosis of the cells. RESULTS: Chidamide could inhibit the proliferation of myeloma cells and promote the apoptosis of primary myeloma plasma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). In NCI-H929 cell line, chidamide combined with low-dose bortezomib and lenalidomide showed synergistic effect, while combined with dexamethasone and pomalidomide showed additive effect. In MM.1s cell line, chidamide combined with bortezomib, dexamethasone, lenalidomide and pomalidomide all showed synergistic effects. CONCLUSION Chidamide inhibits proliferation of myeloma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and promotes apoptosis of primary myeloma plasma cells. Furthermore, it can enhance the inhibitory effect of anti-myeloma drugs.
Aminopyridines ; Apoptosis ; Benzamides ; Bortezomib/pharmacology* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Axl encodes the tyrosine-protein kinase receptor, participating in the proliferation and migration of many cells. This study examined the role of Axl in functions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Axl was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting in both placentas and EPCs from normal pregnancy and preeclampsia patients. The Axl inhibitor, BMS777-607, was used to inhibit the Axl signalling pathway in EPCs. Cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and adhesion were measured by CCK-8 assay, cell differentiation assay, Transwell assay, and cell adhesion assay, respectively. Results showed the expression levels of Axl mRNA and protein were significantly higher in both placentas and EPCs from preeclampsia patients than from normal pregnancy (P<0.05). After treatment with BMS777-607, proliferation, differentiation, migration and adhesion capability of EPCs were all significantly decreased. Our study suggests Axl may play a role in the function of EPCs, thereby involving in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Adult ; Aminopyridines ; pharmacology ; Blood Pressure ; Case-Control Studies ; Cell Adhesion ; drug effects ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; enzymology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gestational Age ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; enzymology ; pathology ; Humans ; Placenta ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Pre-Eclampsia ; blood ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Pregnancy ; Primary Cell Culture ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pyridones ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stem Cells ; drug effects ; enzymology ; pathology

cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) is one of the hot targets for treatment of inflammatory diseases. PDE4 inhibitors can suppress inflammation by increasing the concentration of cAMP in inflammatory cells. The efficacy and safety evaluations of several PDE4 inhibitors are currently carried on in clinical trials, for example GSK256066 in asthma, roflumilast and GSK256066 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tetomilast in inflammatory bowel disease, and apremilast in dermatitis and arthritis etc. This article reviews the recent progress on PDE4-targeted therapy for inflammatory diseases.
Aminopyridines ; pharmacology ; Aminoquinolines ; pharmacology ; Arthritis ; drug therapy ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Cyclopropanes ; pharmacology ; Dermatitis ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; drug therapy ; Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; drug therapy ; Sulfones ; pharmacology ; Thalidomide ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Thiazoles ; pharmacology

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the new generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor flumatinib mesylate on C-MYC, HIF-1α and VEGF in multiple myeloma (MM) cell line U266. Different concentrations (1, 5, 10 µmol/L) of flumatinib mesylate were used to act on U266 cell line for 8, 16 and 24 h, and the expression of C-MYC, and HIF-1α genes was detected by real-time fluorescence-quantitative PCR, the expression of C-MYC, HIF-1α and VEGF was measured by Western blot. The results showed that the gene expression of C-MYC and HIF-1 genes decreased gradually with the increasing of flumatinib mesylate concentration (P < 0.05). At the same concentration of flumatinib mesylate, the expression of C-MYC and HIF-1α gene decreased gradually with prolonging of treatment time with the flumatinib mesylate (P < 0.05). When the flumatinib mesylate acted the U266 cell line for 16 h, the expression of C-MYC, HIF-1α and VEGF decreased gradually with the increasing of flumatinib mesylate concentration (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the flumatinib mesylate can reduce the expression of C-MYC, HIF-1 α and VEGF in U266 cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manners, so flumatinib mesylate may become a new drug for MM therapy.
Aminopyridines ; pharmacology ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic ; Genes, myc ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

The effects of class I PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cellular apoptosis, phosphorylation of several proteins of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the mRNA expression levels of HIF1-α, VEGF and MMP9 in the acquired gefitinib resistant cell line H1975 were investigated, and whether NVP-BKM120 can overcome the acquired resistance caused by the EGFR T790M mutation and the underlying mechanism were explored. MTT assay was performed to detect the effect of gefitinib, NVP-BKM120, NVP-BKM120 plus 1 μmol/L gefitinib on growth of H1975 cells. The distribution of cell cycle and apoptosis rate of H1975 cells were examined by using flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of tumor-related genes such as HIF1-α, VEGF and MMP9 were detected by using real-time quantitative PCR. Western blotting was used to detect the expression level of phosphorylated proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, such as Ser473-p-AKT, Ser235/236-p-S6 and Thr70-p-4E-BP1, as well as total AKT, S6 and 4E-BP1. The results showed that the NVP-BKM120 could inhibit the growth of H1975 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and H1975 cells were more sensitive to NVP-BKM120 than gefitinib (IC50:1.385 vs. 15.09 μmol/L respectively), whereas combination of NVP-BKM120 and gefitinib (1 μmol/L) did not show more obvious effect than NVP-BKM120 used alone on inhibition of cell growth (P>0.05). NVP-BKM120 (1 μmol/L) increased the proportion of H1975 cells in G0-G1 phase and the effect was concentration-dependent, and 2 μmol/L NVP-BKM120 promoted apoptosis of H1975 cells. There was no significant difference in the proportion of H1975 cells in G0-G1 phase and apoptosis rate between NVP-BKM120-treated alone group and NVP-BKM120 plus genfitinib (1 μmol/L)-treated group or between DMSO-treated control group and gefitinib (1 μmol/L)-treated alone group (P>0.05 for all). It was also found that the mRNA expression levels of these genes were down-regulated by NVP-BKM120 (1 μmol/L), and NVP-BKM120 (1 μmol/L) or NVP-BKM120 (1 μmol/L) plus gefitinib (1 μmol/L) obviously inhibited the activation of Akt, S6 and 4E-BP1 as compared with control group, but single use of gefitinib (1 μmol/L) exerted no significant effect. These data suggested that NVP-BKM120 can overcome gefitinib resistance in H1975 cells, and the combination of NVP-BKM120 and gefitinib did not have additive or synergistic effects. It was also concluded that NVP-BKM120 could overcome the acquired resistance to gefitinib by down-regulating the phosphorylated protein in PI3K/AKT signal pathways in H1975 cells, but it could not enhance the sensitivity of H1975 cells to gefitinib.
Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; Aminopyridines ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Morpholines ; pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Quinazolines ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; genetics ; metabolism

This study was aimed to explore the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide on the proliferation, apoptosis of B lymphoma cell lines Raji (Burkitt lymphoma), Maver and Z-138 (mantle cell lymphoma) and its mechanisms. Three B lymphoma cell lines were cultured in vitro with different concentrations of chidamide for different time. The cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8 method; the cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry; the protein levels of histone H3/H4 acetylation in cells and the activity of caspase-3 were detected by Western blot. The results showed that chidamide inhibited the proliferation of 3 B lymphoma cell lines in time- and concentration-dependent manners, especially in Z-138 cell line earlier and faster; chidamide could induce cell apoptosis and decline of mitochondrial membrane potential, which was more sensitive in Maver and Z-138 cells than that in Raji cells. Chidamide could elevate the histone H3/H4 acetylation level in 3 B lymphoma cell lines and the activity of caspase-3 in Maver and Z-138 cells. It is concluded that chidamide can inhibit proliferation of B lymphoma cell lines and promote cell apoptosis, the increase of histone H3/H4 acetylation induced by chidamide, triggering of mitochondrial pathway and activation of caspase-3 may be considered as possible mechanisms.
Aminopyridines ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; metabolism ; pathology

This study was aimed to compare HHGV678 with imatinib (IM) in growth inhibition of Bcr-Abl wild type and IM-resistant cell lines, investigate the possibility of replacing IM with HHGV678 in treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and IM-resistant CML patients. Viability of two Bcr-Abl wild type cell lines (K562 and 32Dp210) and 16 IM-resistant cell lines (K562R and 15 Bcr-Abl point mutant cell lines) treated with HHGV678 and IM was analyzed by MTT. The apoptosis of those cells was identified by flow cytometry with Annexin V staining and DNA ladder analysis. Western blot was applied for detecting the expression of Bcr-Abl and phosphotyrosine protein levels. The results indicated that HHGV678 significantly inhibited the growth of two Bcr-Abl wild types and IM-resistant cell lines in dose-dependent manner except cell line of T315I point mutant. IC(50) results showed that the growth inhibition of HHGV678 was 15.5 and 28-fold higher than that of IM in K562, 32Dp210 and 1.4 to 124.3-fold higher than that of IM in 15 IM-resistant cell lines respectively. Compared with IM, HHGV678 more significantly inhibited phosphotyrosine kinase protein of the cells mentioned above at different concentrations. With most importance, HHGV678 of 10.0 micromol/L induced cell apoptosis of 40.06% and 33.32% in K562R and 32Dp210(T315I) cell lines, which were much higher than that of IM (19.77% and 10.68%). It is concluded that HHGV678 is more effective than IM in the growth inhibition of Bcr-Abl wild type cell lines and IM-resistant cell lines, especially in strongest IM-resistant cell lines. Further studies are needed to show whether HHGV678 may be a novel targeting drug in treatment of CML and IM-resistant CML patients.
Aminopyridines ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzamides ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; drug effects ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; metabolism ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Pyrimidines ; pharmacology