Background: Maxillofacial trauma presents with a myriad of complications, including functional disability and aesthetic compromise. Optimal treatment includes management of bone and soft tissue injuries along with dental rehabilitation. Prompt management, including open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) combined with immediate dental implant rehabilitation, facilitates both functional recovery and aesthetic restoration, thereby leading to improved quality of life. Methods: A total of 36 patients with maxillofacial bony trauma, along with non-restorable fractured, avulsed, or missing teeth, were managed with ORIF with dental rehabilitation. Eighteen patients underwent delayed implant placement after 6 months of ORIF, and the other 18 underwent immediate implant rehabilitation during ORIF. The outcomes measured included implant stability, crestal bone loss, and evaluation of pain, swelling, and patient satisfaction. All follow-up visits were scheduled with reference to the post-implant placement period in both groups. Results: Implant stability was significantly increased in the immediate implant placement group of patients at the third- and sixth month follow-up post-implant placement (p< 0.001). Pain assessment revealed that the immediate implant group experienced significantly higher pain scores than the delayed implant group on the first day (p< 0.001), seventh day (p< 0.001), and 28th day (p< 0.001) following implant placement. Significant differences in facial swelling were observed at the third and sixth months (p= 0.009), with the immediate implant group exhibiting lower swelling. Swelling was significantly higher along the tragal-commissure line in the immediate implant group on the first and seventh days (p< 0.001). Patient satisfaction was initially higher in the delayed implant group on the first day (p= 0.047) and remained so by the third month (p< 0.001). However, by the sixth month, both groups demonstrated similar levels of satisfaction after implant placement. Conclusion Immediate implant rehabilitation during ORIF in patients sustaining maxillofacial trauma improves implant success rates, reduces morbidity, and ultimately enhances patients’ overall quality of life.

Objective: aaMutations in the KMT2B gene have been identified in patients previously diagnosed with idiopathic dystonia. Literature on KMT2B-related dystonia is sparse in the Indian and Asian populations. Methods: aaWe report seven patients with KMT2B-related dystonia studied prospectively from May 2021 to September 2022. Patients underwent deep clinical phenotyping and genetic testing by whole-exome sequencing (WES). A systematic literature search was performed to identify the spectrum of previously published KMT2B-related disorders in the Asian subcontinent. Results: aaThe seven identified patients with KMT2B-related dystonia had a median age at onset of four years. The majority experienced onset in the lower limbs (n = 5, 71.4%), with generalization at a median duration of 2 years. All patients except one had complex phenotypes manifesting as facial dysmorphism (n = 4), microcephaly (n = 3), developmental delay (n = 3), and short stature (n = 1). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities were present in four cases. WES revealed novel mutations in the KMT2B gene in all patients except one. Compared to the largest cohort of patients with KMT2B-related disorders, the Asian cohort, comprising 42 patients, had a lower prevalence of female patients, facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and MRI abnormalities. Protein-truncating variants were more prevalent than missense variants. While microcephaly and short stature were more common in patients with missense mutations, facial dysmorphism was more common in patients with truncating variants. Deep brain stimulation, performed in 17 patients, had satisfactory outcomes. Conclusion aaThis is the largest series of patients with KMT2B-related disorders from India, further expanding the clinico-genotypic spectrum. The extended Asian cohort emphasizes the unique attributes of this part of the world.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the microbiota in middle cerebral artery thrombi retrieved in mechanical thrombectomy arising out of symptomatic carotid plaque within 6 hours of acute ischemic stroke. Thrombi were subjected to next-generation sequencing for a bacterial signature to determine their role in atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: We included 4 human middle cerebral artery thrombus samples (all patients were male). The median age for the patients was 51±13.6 years. Patients enrolled in the study from Pacific Medical University and Hospital underwent mechanical thrombectomy in the stroke window period. All patients underwent brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and circle of Willis and neck vessel MRA along with the standard stroke workup to establish stroke etiology. Only patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis and tandem lesions with ipsilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion were included in the study. Thrombus samples were collected, stored at –80 degrees, and subjected to metagenomics analysis. Results: Of the 4 patients undergoing thrombectomy for diagnosis with ischemic stroke, all thrombi recovered for bacterial DNA in qPCR were positive. More than 27 bacteria were present in the 4 thrombus samples. The majority of bacteria were Lactobacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Finegoldia. Conclusion Genesis of symptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaque leading to thromboembolism could be either due to direct mechanisms like acidification and local inflammation of plaque milieu with lactobacillus, biofilm dispersion leading to inflammation like with pseudomonas fluorescence, or enterococci or indirect mechanisms like Toll 2 like signaling by gut microbiota.