RNA-based gene therapy has been widely used for various diseases, and extensive studies have proved that suitable delivery routes greatly help the development of RNA therapeutics. Identifying a safe and effective delivery system is key to realizing RNA therapeutics' clinical translation. Inhalation is a non-invasive pulmonary delivery modality that can enhance the retention of therapeutic agents in the lungs with negligible toxicity, thereby improving patient compliance. Inhaled RNA therapeutics are increasingly becoming an area of focus for researchers; however, only several clinical trials have explored inhaled delivery of RNA for pulmonary diseases. This review presents an overview of recent advances in inhaled delivery systems for RNA therapeutics, including viral and nonviral systems, highlighting state of the art regarding inhalation in the messenger RNA (mRNA) field. We also summarize the applications of mRNA inhalants in infectious and other lung diseases. Simultaneously, the research progresses on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and different types of RNA are also discussed to provide new strategies for developing RNA inhalation therapy. Finally, we clarify the challenges inhaled RNA-based therapeutics face before their widespread adoption and provide insights to help advance this exciting field to the bedside.

Synthetic biology is a crucial tool for the development of the bio-industry and bio-economy, representing a significant aspect of new quality productive forces. As a core course for graduate students in bioengineering, Synthetic Biology plays a vital role in ensuring the supply of essential talents for the development of the bio-industry in the new era. To better serve regional economic development and provide high-level talents for China's progress in the bio-industry, we analyzed typical issues encountered in the past teaching activities, set up a multi-disciplinary teaching team, optimized the course contents, adjusted the teaching mode, and mobilized students' learning interest. With the application of scientific research project as the starting point, we guided students to think and discuss deeply through the simulation of application writing and project defense, which improved students' critical thinking and innovative thinking. With industrialization as a focus, we explored a new training model combining production, education, and research through the joint practice base of the university and enterprises introduced typical cases of biomanufacturing to encourage students to engage in scientific research. The teaching reform significantly enhances the comprehensive abilities and national sentiments of graduate students. This paper hopes to serve as a reference for colleagues engaged in teaching in this field.
Synthetic Biology/education* ; Teaching ; China ; Humans

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.

With the widespread application of government special bonds in the financing of public hospitals in China,an in-depth analysis of the internal control strategies of this financing method in medical equipment procurement is of great significance for promoting the management of government special bonds and the sustainable and healthy development of the medical and health industry.It explores the five core elements of internal environment,risk assessment,control activities,information and communication,and internal supervision from the perspective of internal control.Research has found that in the process of using government special bonds to purchase medical equipment,there are multiple problems such as reduced efficiency in fund utilization,high usage costs,and high repayment pressure.Therefore,it proposes optimization strategies such as slowing down the issuance speed,formulating interest and principal repayment budgets,and conducting full life cycle procurement argumentation,in order to provide reference suggestions for improving the management efficiency of government special bonds and the internal control level of public hospitals.