EFFECTIVE ORAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLCHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Children from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds face persistent inequalities in oral health, specifically dental caries, and periodontal diseases. This review aimed to identify effective interventions for promoting oral health and preventing oral diseases among primary schoolchildren from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds. We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed, MEDLINE and CINAHL via EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Dentistry and Oral Sciences databases for English publications from 2000 to 2022. We included both randomised and non-randomised controlled trials that evaluated promotive and preventive oral health interventions targeting primary schoolchildren from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds. Measured outcomes encompassed changes in dental caries status, periodontal disease status, oral hygiene status or practices, sugar consumption, or smoking behaviours. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, performed data extraction using a standardised form, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) and Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Given the substantial heterogeneity, a narrative analysis was undertaken. Of the 35 included studies, the interventions identified as effective were health and oral health education (n=20), establishment of school or community health policies (n=5), fissure sealants (n=4), professionally applied topical fluoride (n=10), supervised toothbrushing (n=7), provision of free toothbrush and toothpaste (n=1), and fluoride mouth rinse (n=2). These interventions were found to be effective in addressing caries (n=15), periodontal disease (n=2), oral hygiene (n=2), sugar consumption (n=6) and tobacco use (n=2). However, many of the included studies have a high risk of bias. Despite the risk, these findings represent the best available evidence and serve as insights into effective interventions for disadvantaged schoolchildren. Future well-designed studies are required to provide high-quality evidence. The findings indicate that a comprehensive intervention involving both clinical prevention and oral health promotion can significantly improve the oral health of disadvantaged primary schoolchildren.

Diabetic foot requires careful attention and coordinated management by a dedicated team. Screening, prevention, adequate assessment, and appropriate referral are crucial to prevent complications. Multimodal treatment and rehabilitation are recommended to ensure a better quality of life and reduction of amputation rate in people with diabetic foot.

Introduction: Atopic eczema (AE) is a common infammatory skin dermatosis that is increasing in prevalence. However, it can present in various clinical presentations, which leads to challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition, especially in a primary care setting. Te Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Atopic Eczema was developed by a multidisciplinary development group and approved by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in 2018. It covers the aspects of diagnosis, severity assessment, treatment, and referral.