BACKGROUND:Graphene oxide,with its excellent physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility,can promote the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibit the proliferation of bacteria,which will hopefully improve the success rate of implant restoration.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research progress of graphene oxide in the field of dental implant restoration.METHODS:The related articles published by CNKI,WanFang Database,ScienceDirect,and PubMed from January 2000 to June 2024 were searched by computer.The keywords were"graphene oxide,dental implantation,biocompatibility,antibacterial mechanism,osteoblasts,mechanical properties,chemical properties"in Chinese and English.By reading the titles and abstracts,we preliminarily screened out the documents irrelevant to the topic of the article.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,65 documents were finally included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Graphene oxide can increase the innate immune protection response of the body through its own antibacterial and drug-loaded antibacterial abilities,thus inhibiting the occurrence and development of periimplant inflammation.Graphene oxide can promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,enhance the proliferation of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells,inhibit the proliferation of osteoclasts,increase the rate of bone bonding between implants and alveolar bones,and contribute to the formation and stability of bone around implants.Graphene oxide can promote the combination of implant and gingival tissue,and reduce the occurrence of inflammation.Graphene oxide has low toxicity,and its biological safety needs further study.Graphene oxide coating endows the surface of titanium implant with excellent physical and chemical properties,which can greatly reduce the occurrence of complications such as implant fracture and prolong the survival time of implant.

Most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer benefit from surgery,radioactive iodine-131 therapy and TSH suppression therapy,resulting in a favorable prognosis.However,once radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer(RAIR-DTC)develops,the prognosis becomes significantly poorer,treatment options are limited,and therapeutic efficacy is constrained.This has emerged as a research focus in recent years.With advancements in understanding tumor mechanisms and rapid developments in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies,significant progress has been made in new drugs and new treatments for RAIR-DTC.The development of novel targeted therapies has revolutionized the management.Notably,multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor(mTKI)such as sorafenib and lenvatinib has demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free survival,thereby establishing targeted therapy as a viable option for RAIR-DTC.Cabozantinib has also shown promising results as a second-line treatment following TKI failure.Other TKIs like apatinib and anlotinib have also arnered attention due to efficacy and safety.Additionally,specific TKI targeting BRAF V600E mutations,RET fusions and NTRK fusion genes have ushered in an era of precision medicine for RAIR-DTC.Thus,for patients with RET or NTRK fusions,guidelines recommend prioritizing specific target TKI over pan-target kinase inhibitors.If no such gene mutations are present,pan-target kinase inhibitors are considered as the standard first-line treatments.MEK inhibitors(selumetinib)may induce redifferentiation,potentially restoring iodine uptake.Consequently,the combination of targeted therapy and iodine-131 therapy represents a promising strategy.While immune checkpoint inhibitors only have not yielded optimistic results in RAIR-DTC,combination with TKIs has shown certain safety and efficacy,warranting further exploration.However,given issues of drug resistance and intolerable side effects,it is imperative to explore new treatments.Radionuclide therapy guided by nuclear medicine molecular imaging offers potential hope for RAIR-DTC patients.Targeted radioligand/receptor therapies,such as PSMA,SSTR and FAPi,exhibit characteristics of targeting,visualization and integration of diagnosis and treatment.Initial trials of them in RAIR-DTC patients with TKIs treatment failure have been confirmed feasibility.This review summarized recent advances in new drugs and new technologies for RAIR-DTC treatment,aiming to guide clinical practice and anticipate more personalized and precise treatment options to improve quality of life and survival.

BACKGROUND:Graphene oxide,with its excellent physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility,can promote the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibit the proliferation of bacteria,which will hopefully improve the success rate of implant restoration.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the research progress of graphene oxide in the field of dental implant restoration.METHODS:The related articles published by CNKI,WanFang Database,ScienceDirect,and PubMed from January 2000 to June 2024 were searched by computer.The keywords were"graphene oxide,dental implantation,biocompatibility,antibacterial mechanism,osteoblasts,mechanical properties,chemical properties"in Chinese and English.By reading the titles and abstracts,we preliminarily screened out the documents irrelevant to the topic of the article.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,65 documents were finally included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Graphene oxide can increase the innate immune protection response of the body through its own antibacterial and drug-loaded antibacterial abilities,thus inhibiting the occurrence and development of periimplant inflammation.Graphene oxide can promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,enhance the proliferation of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells,inhibit the proliferation of osteoclasts,increase the rate of bone bonding between implants and alveolar bones,and contribute to the formation and stability of bone around implants.Graphene oxide can promote the combination of implant and gingival tissue,and reduce the occurrence of inflammation.Graphene oxide has low toxicity,and its biological safety needs further study.Graphene oxide coating endows the surface of titanium implant with excellent physical and chemical properties,which can greatly reduce the occurrence of complications such as implant fracture and prolong the survival time of implant.

Most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer benefit from surgery,radioactive iodine-131 therapy and TSH suppression therapy,resulting in a favorable prognosis.However,once radioactive iodine refractory thyroid cancer(RAIR-DTC)develops,the prognosis becomes significantly poorer,treatment options are limited,and therapeutic efficacy is constrained.This has emerged as a research focus in recent years.With advancements in understanding tumor mechanisms and rapid developments in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies,significant progress has been made in new drugs and new treatments for RAIR-DTC.The development of novel targeted therapies has revolutionized the management.Notably,multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor(mTKI)such as sorafenib and lenvatinib has demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free survival,thereby establishing targeted therapy as a viable option for RAIR-DTC.Cabozantinib has also shown promising results as a second-line treatment following TKI failure.Other TKIs like apatinib and anlotinib have also arnered attention due to efficacy and safety.Additionally,specific TKI targeting BRAF V600E mutations,RET fusions and NTRK fusion genes have ushered in an era of precision medicine for RAIR-DTC.Thus,for patients with RET or NTRK fusions,guidelines recommend prioritizing specific target TKI over pan-target kinase inhibitors.If no such gene mutations are present,pan-target kinase inhibitors are considered as the standard first-line treatments.MEK inhibitors(selumetinib)may induce redifferentiation,potentially restoring iodine uptake.Consequently,the combination of targeted therapy and iodine-131 therapy represents a promising strategy.While immune checkpoint inhibitors only have not yielded optimistic results in RAIR-DTC,combination with TKIs has shown certain safety and efficacy,warranting further exploration.However,given issues of drug resistance and intolerable side effects,it is imperative to explore new treatments.Radionuclide therapy guided by nuclear medicine molecular imaging offers potential hope for RAIR-DTC patients.Targeted radioligand/receptor therapies,such as PSMA,SSTR and FAPi,exhibit characteristics of targeting,visualization and integration of diagnosis and treatment.Initial trials of them in RAIR-DTC patients with TKIs treatment failure have been confirmed feasibility.This review summarized recent advances in new drugs and new technologies for RAIR-DTC treatment,aiming to guide clinical practice and anticipate more personalized and precise treatment options to improve quality of life and survival.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone predominantly secreted by the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining whole-body energy metabolism and regulating insulin sensitivity. A large number of clinical studies have demonstrated that serum FGF21 levels are increased in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and high circulating FGF21 is a sensitive biomarker for predicting the onset and progression of NAFLD. Injection of exogenous FGF21 can effectively alleviate pathological process in both animal models and NAFLD patients. This review aims to describe the molecular mechanism underlying the hepatoprotective effects of FGF21; to summarize the current data and challenges of the clinical trials on FGF21 analogs and receptor agonists in the treatment of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and to speculate the future directions of FGF21 as a diagnosis and treatment for NAFLD.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of preoperative mark with methylene blue for the submucosal tumor originating from the muscluaris propria around the cardia in submucosal tunnel.Meth-ods A total of 27 patients with cardiac tumors originating from muscularis propria diagnosed by endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography underwent endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection from June 2011 to May 2014.Eighteen cases were marked by methylene blue,and 9 others were not.The operation time and the in-cidence of complications were compared between the two groups.Results All lesions were resected success-fully.The time of lesion location of non-mark group was 14.7 minutes(9-32 min),and that of mark group was 8.1 minutes(7-10 min).The incidence of subcutaneous emphysema of thorax and cervix of non-mark group was 2 /9(2 cases),and that of the mark group was 1 /18(1 case).The incidence of pneumoperitone-um of non-mark group was 1 /9(1 case),while that of the mark group was 2 /18(2 cases).There was no pneumothorax or mediastinal emphesema in all cases.Conclusion Marking with methylene blue before op-eration can shorten operation time effectively and lower incidence of complications.

OBJECTIVETo examine the feasibility and safety of gastric submucosal tunnel dissection of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) by double tunnel and double flex endoscope.

METHODSFifty patients with gastric SMTs detected by gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography between January, 2012 and August, 2013 were enrolled in this study. Using carbon dioxide throughout the procedure, the mucous in the arc was incised along the margins of the lesion to separate the submucosa and create a tunnel. The exposed SMTs were resected completely and the mucosa was covered by endoscopic forceps followed by clipping of the incision. The complication, clinical outcomes, hospital stays and operation time were evaluated.

RESULTSOf the 50 lesions, 50 were located in the gastric fundus, 17 in the gastric antrum and 5 in the gastric body. The lesions were completely resected in all the patients. The diameter of the resected lesions ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 cm (mean 1.1 ± 0.6 cm), and the operation lasted for 35.3 ± 16.2 min (range 23-76 min). In 5 cases (10%), perforation occurred during the operation and was closed by clipping the incision with endoclips after the lesion resection; these patients were discharged after conservative management. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 16 cases and was successfully managed through endoscopic methods. No delayed postoperative bleeding or perforation occurred in these patients. None of the 48 patients followed up showed tumor recurrence at one year after the operation, and 2 patients were lost for follow up.

CONCLUSIONEndoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric SMTs is effective and safe using double tunnel and double flex endoscope.

Dissection ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Endosonography ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Stomach Neoplasms ; surgery

Objective To examine the feasibility and safety of gastric submucosal tunnel dissection of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) by double tunnel and double flex endoscope. Methods Fifty patients with gastric SMTs detected by gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography between January, 2012 and August, 2013 were enrolled in this study. Using carbon dioxide throughout the procedure, the mucous in the arc was incised along the margins of the lesion to separate the submucosa and create a tunnel. The exposed SMTs were resected completely and the mucosa was covered by endoscopic forceps followed by clipping of the incision. The complication, clinical outcomes, hospital stays and operation time were evaluated. Results Of the 50 lesions, 50 were located in the gastric fundus, 17 in the gastric antrum and 5 in the gastric body. The lesions were completely resected in all the patients. The diameter of the resected lesions ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 cm (mean 1.1±0.6 cm), and the operation lasted for 35.3 ± 16.2 min (range 23-76 min). In 5 cases (10%), perforation occurred during the operation and was closed by clipping the incision with endoclips after the lesion resection;these patients were discharged after conservative management. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 16 cases and was successfully managed through endoscopic methods. No delayed postoperative bleeding or perforation occurred in these patients. None of the 48 patients followed up showed tumor recurrence at one year after the operation, and 2 patients were lost for follow up. Conclusion Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric SMTs is effective and safe using double tunnel and double flex endoscope.

Objective To examine the feasibility and safety of gastric submucosal tunnel dissection of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) by double tunnel and double flex endoscope. Methods Fifty patients with gastric SMTs detected by gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography between January, 2012 and August, 2013 were enrolled in this study. Using carbon dioxide throughout the procedure, the mucous in the arc was incised along the margins of the lesion to separate the submucosa and create a tunnel. The exposed SMTs were resected completely and the mucosa was covered by endoscopic forceps followed by clipping of the incision. The complication, clinical outcomes, hospital stays and operation time were evaluated. Results Of the 50 lesions, 50 were located in the gastric fundus, 17 in the gastric antrum and 5 in the gastric body. The lesions were completely resected in all the patients. The diameter of the resected lesions ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 cm (mean 1.1±0.6 cm), and the operation lasted for 35.3 ± 16.2 min (range 23-76 min). In 5 cases (10%), perforation occurred during the operation and was closed by clipping the incision with endoclips after the lesion resection;these patients were discharged after conservative management. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in 16 cases and was successfully managed through endoscopic methods. No delayed postoperative bleeding or perforation occurred in these patients. None of the 48 patients followed up showed tumor recurrence at one year after the operation, and 2 patients were lost for follow up. Conclusion Endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric SMTs is effective and safe using double tunnel and double flex endoscope.

According to the specific construction of the pSUPER. retro. puro vector, RNA interfering with the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) plasmid was constructed in this research programme. The efficiency was (87.15 +/- 2.36)% and green fluorescent protein was observed after 36 hours when the constructed plasmid co-transformed into the prostatic carcinoma cell line PC-3; compared with the control groups, this constructed plasmid could reduce the expression of total RNA and protein in PC-3 cells significantly after 48 hours. The cells were checked out by the plasmid resistance against the puromycin biotin, the clones of which were selected and enlarged for two weeks, then the cell strain of pSUPER-siHIF-1alpha/PC-3 was collected. The HIF-1alpha protein expression of the pSUPER-siHIF-1alpha/ PC-3 cells of also decreased significantly. The results showed that the RNA interference could be used in the construction of expression vector of constructed siRNA inhibiting the expression of HIF-1alpha with PC-3 cells, which is the basis of researching the pathology, multiplication, and metastasis of HIF-1alpha in the prostatic carcinoma and other cancers.
Base Sequence ; Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection