Due to the moist environment in the mouth, there are many challenges that arise, such as difficult biofilm removal, short drug retention time, and low tissue repair efficiency, while treating dental caries, periodontal disease, and other oral diseases. As a biomimetic biomaterial, polydopamine (PDA) possesses multifunctional properties, including mussel-inspired adhesion and stimuli-responsive drug release. PDA adhesion properties originate from its surface catechol and amino functional groups, which maintain strong wettability in aqueous environments. With smart responsiveness encompassing photothermal, pH, and enzymatic stimuli, PDA enables controlled drug release under specific conditions. Additionally, PDA exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteoblast-promoting functions, thus demonstrating significant application potential in the treatment of oral diseases. In hard tissue therapies, specifically for dental caries, PDA promotes enamel remineralization by inducing hydroxyapatite crystal growth and enhances dentin collagen mineralization through Ca2+ chelation while inhibiting cariogenic bacteria. In mandibular defect repair, functionalized PDA coatings on bone implants facilitate mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and differentiation, activate osteogenic signaling pathways, and synergistically promote vascularization to improve bone-implant integration. For soft tissue treatments, specifically for periodontitis, PDA alleviates alveolar bone resorption via antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects coupled with osteoclast inhibition. In denture stomatitis management, PDA’s strong wet adhesion prolongs drug retention, while its photothermal effect and reactive oxygen generation provide both broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and wound healing promotion. This review summarizes PDA’s synthesis mechanisms and biological functions, with an emphasis on its therapeutic applications in oral diseases, providing innovative strategies for oral healthcare.

Objective To establish the fingerprint of Xuemai Shutong granules by UPLC-ELSD and determine the contents of 9 components in the preparation simultaneously.Methods The UPLC-ELSD was used to establish the fingerprint of Xuemai Shutong granules,and determine the content of its 9 components.The similarity evaluation system,systematic,cluster analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the quality of different batches of preparation.Results The similarity degrees of UPLC-ELSD fingerprints of 11 batches of Xuemai Shutong granules were from 0.929 to 0.978,17 common peaks were calibrated,of which 11 peaks were identified:peak 3(notoginsenoside R1),peak 4[ginsenoside Rg,(Re)],peak 5(notoginsenoside R2),peak 6(ginsenoside Rb,),peak 9(astragaloside Ⅳ),peak 10(ginsenoside Rk3),peak 11(ginsenoside Rh4),peak 12[20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3],peak 13[20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3],peak 14(ginsenoside Rk1),peak 15(ginsenoside Rg5).The stoichiometric analysis divided 11 batches of samples into 2 classes,and the 2 principal components in PCA analysis reflected the information of 17common peaks,10 peaks which affected the quality difference are screened out.The linear relationship of the 9 components was good in their respective quality ranges in the content analysis(r＞0.999 2),the average recovery rate were between 95.02％-97.78％and the RSD were 0.69％-1.70％(n=6).The contents of notoginsenoside R1,notoginsenoside R2,ginsenoside Rb1,astragaloside Ⅳ,ginsenoside Rh4,20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3,20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3,ginsenoside Rk1 ginsenoside Rg5 in the 11 batches of Xuemai Shutong granules were 0.087 5-0.187 6,0.494 3-0.688 6,0.448 1-0.705 5,0.192 2-0.270 8,1.492 5-2.077 6,0.316 0-0.463 8,0.254 5-0.382 0,0.117 6-0.163 9,3.407 7-4.706 4 mg·g-1,respectively.Conclusions The established fingerprint and content determination method was accurate and reliable,which can improve the quality standard of Xuemai Shutong granules,and provide reference for its overall quality evaluation.

Objective To establish the fingerprint of Xuemai Shutong granules by UPLC-ELSD and determine the contents of 9 components in the preparation simultaneously.Methods The UPLC-ELSD was used to establish the fingerprint of Xuemai Shutong granules,and determine the content of its 9 components.The similarity evaluation system,systematic,cluster analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the quality of different batches of preparation.Results The similarity degrees of UPLC-ELSD fingerprints of 11 batches of Xuemai Shutong granules were from 0.929 to 0.978,17 common peaks were calibrated,of which 11 peaks were identified:peak 3(notoginsenoside R1),peak 4[ginsenoside Rg,(Re)],peak 5(notoginsenoside R2),peak 6(ginsenoside Rb,),peak 9(astragaloside Ⅳ),peak 10(ginsenoside Rk3),peak 11(ginsenoside Rh4),peak 12[20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3],peak 13[20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3],peak 14(ginsenoside Rk1),peak 15(ginsenoside Rg5).The stoichiometric analysis divided 11 batches of samples into 2 classes,and the 2 principal components in PCA analysis reflected the information of 17common peaks,10 peaks which affected the quality difference are screened out.The linear relationship of the 9 components was good in their respective quality ranges in the content analysis(r＞0.999 2),the average recovery rate were between 95.02％-97.78％and the RSD were 0.69％-1.70％(n=6).The contents of notoginsenoside R1,notoginsenoside R2,ginsenoside Rb1,astragaloside Ⅳ,ginsenoside Rh4,20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3,20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3,ginsenoside Rk1 ginsenoside Rg5 in the 11 batches of Xuemai Shutong granules were 0.087 5-0.187 6,0.494 3-0.688 6,0.448 1-0.705 5,0.192 2-0.270 8,1.492 5-2.077 6,0.316 0-0.463 8,0.254 5-0.382 0,0.117 6-0.163 9,3.407 7-4.706 4 mg·g-1,respectively.Conclusions The established fingerprint and content determination method was accurate and reliable,which can improve the quality standard of Xuemai Shutong granules,and provide reference for its overall quality evaluation.

Objective:To explore the risk factors of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) in septic patients, and to establish an hour-specific prediction model.Methods:Based on the information of septic patients in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-Ⅳ (MIMIC-Ⅳ) database, general information, comorbidities, vital signs, severity scoring system, laboratory indicators, invasive operations and medication use were recorded. The enrolled patients were randomized into a training set and a validation set according to a ratio of 7∶3. AKI was diagnosed according to the guidelines of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO). Based on Lasso regression and Cox regression, the risk factors of severe AKI (AKI stage 2 and stage 3) in septic patients were analyzed and hour-specific prediction model were established. Consistency index (C-index), area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to assess the predictive efficacy of the model.Results:A total of 20 551 septic patients were enrolled, including 14 385 patients in the training set and 6 166 patients in the validation set. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that atrial fibrillation [hazard ratio ( HR) = 1.266, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.150-1.393], heart failure ( HR = 1.348, 95% CI was 1.217-1.493), respiratory failure ( HR = 1.565, 95% CI was 1.428-1.715), heart rate ( HR = 1.004, 95% CI was 1.002-1.007), mean arterial pressure ( HR = 1.245, 95% CI was 1.126-1.377), lactic acid ( HR = 1.051, 95% CI was 1.025-1.077), simplified acute physiology score Ⅱ (SAPSⅡ, HR = 1.019, 95% CI was 1.016-1.023), serum creatinine ( HR = 1.171, 95% CI was 1.127-1.216), anion gap ( HR = 1.024, 95% CI was 1.010-1.038), serum potassium ( HR = 1.155, 95% CI was 1.079-1.236), white blood cell count ( HR = 1.006, 95% CI was 1.003-1.009) and furosemide use ( HR = 0.414, 95% CI was 0.368-0.467) were independently associated with severe AKI in septic patients (all P < 0.01). The above predictors were applied to construct an hour-specific prediction model for the occurrence of severe AKI in septic patients. The C-index of the prediction model was 0.723 and 0.735 in the training and validation sets, respectively. The AUC for the occurrence of severe AKI at 12, 24, and 48 hours were 0.795 (95% CI was 0.782-0.808), 0.792 (95% CI was 0.780-0.805), and 0.775 (95% CI was 0.762-0.788) in the training set, and the AUC were 0.803 (95% CI was 0.784-0.823), 0.791 (95% CI was 0.772-0.810), and 0.773 (95% CI was 0.752-0.793) in the validation set, respectively. The calibration curves of the two cohorts were in good agreement. Conclusion:The hour-specific prediction model effectively identifies high-risk septic patients for developing severe AKI within 48 hours, aiding clinicians in stratifying patients for early therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes.

Objective:To explore the status of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, safety and the influencing factors of adverse reactions in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.Methods:The study was a retrospective study. The MHD patients vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines in Tianjin city from January 2020 to July 2022 were enrolled in the study. The data of general information, vaccination situation, adverse reactions, and laboratory tests before and after vaccination were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of adverse reactions after vaccination.Results:A total of 7 375 patients were registered to receive hemodialysis treatment in Tianjin city, of whom 1 036 patients (14.05%) vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines were enrolled from 53 hemodialysis centers in the study, with age of (54.00±13.27) years old (17-88 years old), and 676 males (65.25%). There were 171 patients (16.51%) receiving the first dose of vaccines only, 464 patients (44.79%) receiving two doses of vaccines, 401 patients (38.71%) receiving three doses of vaccines, and 67 patients (6.47%) had adverse reactions. No serious adverse reaction occurred. The number of neutrophils after vaccination was lower than that before vaccination ( P < 0.05), while the number of lymphocytes, alanine aminotransferase, glutamic oxaloacetic aminotransferase, and serum albumin after vaccination were higher than those before vaccination (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age ( OR=0.967, 95% CI 0.946-0.990, P=0.005), previous allergic history ( OR=0.013, 95% CI 0.001-0.151, P < 0.001), serum uric acid ( OR=1.004, 95% CI 1.001-1.008, P=0.020), numbers of vaccinations administered ( OR=0.505, 95% CI 0.330-0.774, P=0.002), leukocytes ( OR=0.766, 95% CI 0.628-0.935, P=0.009) and lymphocytes ( OR=0.082, 95% CI 0.045-0.148, P < 0.001) were independently correlated with the incidence of adverse reactions. Conclusions:The proportion of MHD patients vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines is 14.05%. The incidence of adverse reactions is 6.47%, and there is no serious adverse reaction. Age, previous allergic history, serum uric acid, and numbers of vaccinations administered, leukocytes and lymphocytes are independently correlated with the incidence of adverse reactions in MHD patients.

Humans ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Patient Discharge ; Ischemic Stroke ; Stroke ; Brain Ischemia ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Hypertension

Objective:To investigate the relationship between microRNA (miR)-1, miR-133b and hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.Methods:From October 2020 to April 2021, patients who were definitely diagnosed as hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (9 cases), cirrhosis (9 cases) and hepatocellular carcinoma (5 cases) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were selected as the research subjects, and healthy volunteers in the same period were taken as the control (10 cases). Peripheral blood samples of all subjects were collected to prepare plasma, and the expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133b in peripheral blood were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. At the same time, tissue samples around the liver lesion (proximal), and the corresponding tissues about 5 cm from the lesion (distal) were collected from 5 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the cell activation related indicators [cyclinD1, cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)], fibrosis indicators (Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signal pathway related genes [TGF-β1, TGF-β1 receptor type Ⅰ/Ⅱ (TGF-β1RⅠ, TGF-β1RⅡ)] and its downstream related proteins (SMAD2, SMAD3).Results:The quantitative real-time PCR results showed that there were significant differences in the expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133b in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and the control group ( H = 16.54, 28.40, P < 0.001); the expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133b in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis group were higher than those in control group, cirrhosis group ( P < 0.05). The expression levels of CDK1 (0.46 ± 0.02, 0.42 ± 0.01), α-SMA (0.54 ± 0.09, 0.51 ± 0.07), TGF-β1 (0.55 ± 0.15, 0.51 ± 0.13), TGF-β1RⅠ (0.58 ± 0.09, 0.57 ± 0.08), and TGF-β1RⅡ(0.40 ± 0.05, 0.39 ± 0.05) between the proximal and distal tissue of liver lesion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients were statistically significantly different ( t = 5.56, 3.17, 3.18, 4.27, 5.65, P = 0.005, 0.034, 0.034, 0.024, 0.011). There was no statistically significant difference in the expression levels of CyclinD1, Collagen Ⅰ, Collagen Ⅲ, SMAD2 and SMAD3 between the proximal and distal tissue of liver lesion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients ( t = 3.06, 3.06, 2.86, 1.43, 1.50, P = 0.055, 0.055, 0.064, 0.247, 0.230). Pearson correlation analysis showed that miR-1 in the patients' peripheral blood was positively correlated with TGF-β1RⅠ in the proximal tissue of the liver lesion ( P = 0.001); there was no correlation between miR-1, miR-133b and CDK1, α-SMA, TGF-β1, TGF-β1RⅡ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:The expression of TGF-β1 signaling pathway related factors in the proximal tissue of liver lesion in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is up-regulated. The expression of miR-1 and miR-133b in peripheral blood is upregulated, and miR-1 is positively correlated with TGF-β1RⅠ level in proximal tissue of liver lesion, suggesting that miR-1 may promote the occurrence of liver fibrosis in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Objective:This study comprehensively analyzed the genomic characterizations of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) strains circulating in six provinces and cities of China (Beijing, Henan, Jilin, Anhui, Gansu, and Shandong) during the period of 2019-2020. The aim was to elucidate the intricate genetic variations and molecular evolutionary trends within the HPIV3 genome.Methods:Based on genotypic differentiation, genetic divergence, and spatial and temporal distribution, 12 representative HPIV3 strains (including 7 of C3a subtype, 2 of C3b subtype and 3 of C3f subtype) were selected from the aforementioned provinces, and the complete genome sequence was successfully obtained by overlapping amplification of fragments using nested RT-PCR. Subsequently, a complete genome database of global representative HPIV3 strains was constructed and analyzed using bioinformatics tools.Results:The length of complete genome of the 12 HPIV3 strains in the present study varied between 15 227 bp and 15 370 bp, the G+ C content ranged from 35.1% to 35.3% and the nucleotide identity intermediated from 97.6% to 99.6%. Compared with the prototype strain (GenBank accession number: NC_001796.2), the nucleotide identity of 12 HPIV3 strains ranged from 94.2% to 94.5%. Analysis of the complete genome of HPIV3 available in China and globally showed that the genomic variation of HPIV3 was mainly shaped by substitution mutations, and no base deletions or gene recombination were observed.Only a six-base insertion (ATTAAA) was found in the F gene’s 3′UTR region of a representative strain originating from Jilin province (CHN/Jilin036/2019/C3b) in this study, and its potential pathogenic significance needs to be further investigated. Amino acid analysis of the encoded proteins revealed that the C3a lineage of HPIV3, widely prevalent both in China and worldwide, exhibits lineage-specific mutation sites in the N, P and L proteins. Furthermore, within the Chinese prevalent C3a strains, a distinctive mutation site (N216S) in L protein was also identified. Notably, specific variant sites have not been found in Chinese C3b and C3f branch strains. Based on the complete genome, the comprehensive evolutionary analysis showed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of global HPIV3 strains was estimated to 1927 (95% HPD: 1901-1945), with an average molecular evolutionary rate of 5.29 × 10 -4 substitutions/site/year, while the average molecular evolutionary rate of HPIV3 strains in China is 5.24 × 10 -4 substitutions/site/year. In addition, each gene of HPIV3 was subjected to negative selection pressure, with the P, HN and F genes showing the most significant nucleotide variation and higher rates of molecular evolution than the other genes. Conclusions:This study reveals that the complete genome of HPIV3 strains circulating in six provinces and cities of China tend to evolve conservatively. Moreover, substitution emerge as the main driving force for molecular evolution of HPIV3.

Objective:To understand the genetic characteristics of human adenovirus (HAdV) in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in Luohe city, Henan province, China.Methods:After viral isolation of HAdV-positive specimens identified in SARI cases from October 2017 to February 2019, the Loop2 region of the Hexon gene was amplified and determined to initially identify the virus type. Then, based on the preliminary screening result, the full length of the sequences of the three target genes (Penton base, Hexon and Fiber) of the viral strains were amplified using specific primers for each HAdV type, and phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses were performed with the prototype strains and the representative strains of the corresponding types at home and abroad to identify the types of viral strains and understand their genetic characteristics.Results:A total of 18 viral isolates were obtained from 27 HAdV-positive throat swab specimens from 783 SARI cases in Luohe city, Henan province, and the molecular typing result showed that these strains belonged to species B (HAdV-3, HAdV-7 and HAdV-55), species C (HAdV-1, P1H2F2, Px1/Ps3H5F5, P89H5F5 and HAdV-6) and species E (HAdV-4). Among them, the highest positive detection rate was found for species C HAdV-1 isolates (33.3%), followed by species B HAdV-3 (22.2%) and species C P1H2F2 (11.1%). The four HAdV strains in this study (HAdV-3, HAdV-4, HAdV-7 and HAdV-55) were characterized by significantly conserved and stable in time and space; while three patterns of genetic recombination (P1H2F2, Px1/Ps3H5F5 and P89H5F5) were identified for HAdV-C strains in this study, and their potential public health significance needed to be confirmed by further studies.Conclusions:The HAdV infection of SARI cases in Luohe city, Henan province during 2017-2019 was dominated by species C, followed by species B and species E. These data provided a scientific basis for the prevention and control of local adenovirus-associated infectious diseases.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) as adjuvant on immune response induced by inactivated human adenovirus (HAdV)-55 antigen in BALB/c mice.Methods:HAdV-55 virus QS prototype strain was purified by plaque to construct a seed bank of vaccine candidate strain. The amplified product of vaccine candidate strain was inactivated by 0.05%β-propiolactone, and purified to prepare perfect virus particle antigen. The purified HAdV-55 antigen was mixed with the same volume CPG-ODN and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in low-dose group (0.2 mg/ml) and high-dose group (1 mg/ml), respectively, and inoculated BALB/c mice after emulsification. Meanwhile, the control group was set with PBS, and the immunization was enhanced once every 21 days. Respectively on primary immune 21 and 35 days after collecting venous blood in mice and separation of serum, serum was collected at the end of the time of separating spleen lymphocytes in mice. The levels of HAdV-55 specific IgG antibody and neutralization antibody in serum of immunized mice were observed by ELISA and micro-neutralization test, and the levels of lymphocytes secreting IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines were detected by ELISpot.Results:No matter with or without adjuvant, along with the increase of the number of immunization and vaccination dose of inactivated HAdV-55 antigen induced BALB/c mice virus specific IgG antibody was also significantly increased. However, neutralizing antibody can reach detectable level only after enhanced immunity, and the geometric mean titer (GMT) of neutralizing antibody is between 1: 11 and 1: 23. Different adjuvants have significant effects on the immune response of mice. Low dose antigen combined with CPG-ODN and aluminum hydroxide mixed adjuvant can induce higher humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and the levels of specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody are 2.2 and 1.8 times higher than those in the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant group, respectively. The number of lymphocytes secreting IFN-γ was 2.3 times that of the group immunized with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant.Conclusions:The novel CPG-ODN adjuvant significantly increased the immunogenicity of the inactivated HAdV-55 whole virus antigen in BALB/c mice and directed the cellular immune response toward Th1 type.