Apolipoprotein D(APOD)is a protein that is widely present in animal tissues and is in-volved in the reproductive regulation of the body.In order to investigate the expression regularity of APOD in bactrian camel epididymis and its regulation effect on sperm maturation,this study took the epididymis of bactrian camel during estrus and anestrus as materials,and first cloned the complete sequence of APOD coding sequence(CDS)region.The physicochemical properties of AP-OD were analyzed by ProParam,SOPMA,SWISS-MODEL and MEGA7.0 software.Meanwhile,the expression and distribution of APOD in epididymis were detected by qRT-PCR,Western blot and IHC.The cloning results showed that:the length of the CDS region of APOD gene was 624 bp,encoding 207 amino acids.The APOD sequence of Bactrian camel was highly conserved with the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of alpaca,and the homology of APOD sequence with elk was the lowest.The results of qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA levels of APOD in the head,body and tail of epididymis in estrus were significantly higher than those in estrus(P＜0.01).Western blot results showed that the APOD protein expression and mRNA expression trend was similar in the head and body of the epididymis during anestrus,but the APOD expression level in the tail of the epididymis during anestrus was opposite to the mRNA expression level(P＜0.05).The results of H&E and IHC showed that there were significant differences in epididymal tissue between estrus and anestrus.In addition,APOD showed positive reactions in epididymal epithelial cells,smooth muscle cells,sperm and connective tissue to varying degrees,suggesting that APOD may be in-volved in the maturation of sperm during estrus and anestrus,providing evidence for further explo-ring the regulatory mechanism of APOD's involvement in seasonal estrus.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China under the immunization strategies of different doses of mumps-containing vaccines(MuCV) by analyzing the national mumps surveillance data from 2020 to 2023.Methods:Based on the national mumps surveillance data from 2020 to 2023, a comparative analysis was conducted on the mumps incidence and the distribution characteristics of mumps cases in time, region and population in the three different periods of 2004-2007 (without MuCV implementation), 2008-2019 (one-dose MuCV implementation) and 2020-2023 (two-dose MuCV implementation) in China.Results:From 2020 to 2023, the annual incidence rate of mumps was 6.48-9.20/100 000, and the annual number of reported cases was 91 303-129 120 cases. After the implementation of the 2-dose MuCV immunization strategy, the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China have changed to some extent. Compared with the period of 2004-2007 and 2008-2019, the traditional seasonal epidemic pattern of mumps disappeared from 2020 to 2023, with no obvious epidemic peak throughout the year. There was no significant regional difference in the incidence of mumps. Children and adolescents under 15 years of age were the main population of mumps (accounting for 85.46%), of which children aged 5-9 years accounted for 45.07%. Compared with the period of 2004-2007 and 2008-2019, the proportion of mumps cases in the 0-4 years old group showed an increasing trend, the proportion of mumps cases in the 10-14 years old group showed a decreasing trend, and the proportion of adult cases over 40 years old also increased from 2020 to 2023. The age group with the highest incidence of mumps was found to have shifted from 7 years old to 4 years old.Conclusions:The 2-dose MuCV immunization strategy has effectively reduced the incidence of mumps in China. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of mumps in kindergartens and primary school children.

Apolipoprotein D(APOD)is a protein that is widely present in animal tissues and is in-volved in the reproductive regulation of the body.In order to investigate the expression regularity of APOD in bactrian camel epididymis and its regulation effect on sperm maturation,this study took the epididymis of bactrian camel during estrus and anestrus as materials,and first cloned the complete sequence of APOD coding sequence(CDS)region.The physicochemical properties of AP-OD were analyzed by ProParam,SOPMA,SWISS-MODEL and MEGA7.0 software.Meanwhile,the expression and distribution of APOD in epididymis were detected by qRT-PCR,Western blot and IHC.The cloning results showed that:the length of the CDS region of APOD gene was 624 bp,encoding 207 amino acids.The APOD sequence of Bactrian camel was highly conserved with the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of alpaca,and the homology of APOD sequence with elk was the lowest.The results of qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA levels of APOD in the head,body and tail of epididymis in estrus were significantly higher than those in estrus(P＜0.01).Western blot results showed that the APOD protein expression and mRNA expression trend was similar in the head and body of the epididymis during anestrus,but the APOD expression level in the tail of the epididymis during anestrus was opposite to the mRNA expression level(P＜0.05).The results of H&E and IHC showed that there were significant differences in epididymal tissue between estrus and anestrus.In addition,APOD showed positive reactions in epididymal epithelial cells,smooth muscle cells,sperm and connective tissue to varying degrees,suggesting that APOD may be in-volved in the maturation of sperm during estrus and anestrus,providing evidence for further explo-ring the regulatory mechanism of APOD's involvement in seasonal estrus.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China under the immunization strategies of different doses of mumps-containing vaccines(MuCV) by analyzing the national mumps surveillance data from 2020 to 2023.Methods:Based on the national mumps surveillance data from 2020 to 2023, a comparative analysis was conducted on the mumps incidence and the distribution characteristics of mumps cases in time, region and population in the three different periods of 2004-2007 (without MuCV implementation), 2008-2019 (one-dose MuCV implementation) and 2020-2023 (two-dose MuCV implementation) in China.Results:From 2020 to 2023, the annual incidence rate of mumps was 6.48-9.20/100 000, and the annual number of reported cases was 91 303-129 120 cases. After the implementation of the 2-dose MuCV immunization strategy, the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in China have changed to some extent. Compared with the period of 2004-2007 and 2008-2019, the traditional seasonal epidemic pattern of mumps disappeared from 2020 to 2023, with no obvious epidemic peak throughout the year. There was no significant regional difference in the incidence of mumps. Children and adolescents under 15 years of age were the main population of mumps (accounting for 85.46%), of which children aged 5-9 years accounted for 45.07%. Compared with the period of 2004-2007 and 2008-2019, the proportion of mumps cases in the 0-4 years old group showed an increasing trend, the proportion of mumps cases in the 10-14 years old group showed a decreasing trend, and the proportion of adult cases over 40 years old also increased from 2020 to 2023. The age group with the highest incidence of mumps was found to have shifted from 7 years old to 4 years old.Conclusions:The 2-dose MuCV immunization strategy has effectively reduced the incidence of mumps in China. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of mumps in kindergartens and primary school children.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum microRNA(miR)-137 and miR-21 ex-pression and hypertensive retinopathy(HR).Methods A total of 123 hypertensive patients admitted to the hospital from March 2020 to August 2022 were selected as the hypertensive group and divided into HR and non-HR groups according to whether they were concomitant with HR,and another 58 healthy people who un-derwent the physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group.Clinical data of HR patients were collected and serum miR-137 and miR-21 expression was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.The influencing factors of concurrent HR in hypertensive patients were analyzed,and receiv-er operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used for analzing predictive value of serum miR-137 and miR-21 expression in hypertensive patients with concurrent HR.Results Serum miR-137 and miR-21 relative expres-sion levels were higher in the hypertensive group than those in the control group(P<0.05).The incidence rate of HR in 123 hypertensive patients was 25.20%(31/123).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged duration of hypertension and elevated systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,miR-137 rel-ative expression level,and miR-21 relative expression level were independent risk factors for HR in hyperten-sive patients(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of serum miR-137 combined with miR-21 in predicting HR in hypertensive patients was 0.840,which was greater than 0.735 and 0.732 of the single detection of miR-137 and miR-21(P<0.05).Conclusion High expression of serum miR-137 and miR-21 is closely associated with hypertension complicating HR and may be an auxiliary predictor of HR.

Objective:To investigate the genotype and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) among hospitalized cases with acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children in Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.Methods:From June 2019 to June 2023, throat swabs of ARI inpatients in Changchun Children′s Hospital were collected, and their epidemiological and clinical information were also collected. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was used to identify HMPV-positive cases, followed by the amplification of the G gene and genetic analysis in the HMPV-positive cases.Results:A total of 3 311 children hospitalized with ARI were included in this study. Their age ranged from 0 to 17 years old, and the M ( Q1, Q3) of age was 2 (1, 3) years. About 1 811 (54.70%) cases were males. A total of 167 HMPV-positive cases were detected with a positive rate of 5.04%, of which 92.81% (155/167) were children under 5 years old. The positive rate of HMPV in 2019 was 6.37% (30/471), which dropped to the lowest in 2020 (2.31%, 10/432). The HMPV-positive rate was then rebounded in 2021 (4.70%, 60/1 277) and 2022 (4.56%, 21/461), which increased to 6.87% (46/670) in 2023. The difference in HMPV-positive rate among each year was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The prevalence peak of HMPV varied in different years, showing either a unimodal or bimodal distribution in one year. A total of 79 HMPV G gene sequences were obtained, of which subtype A and subtype B accounted for 48.10% and 51.90%, respectively. All of the subtype A sequences were clarified as A2c duplicated variants, and subtype B was mainly B2 genotype. Besides, subtypes A and B were prevalent alone or co-circulated in different years, and there was a subtype replacement pattern in HMPV. Conclusion:The positive rate of HMPV in hospitalized ARI cases in children is significantly different from 2019 to 2023 in Changchun City. Notably, there are certain switch patterns of HMPV subtypes A and B in different years.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) among acute respiratory infection (ARI) cases in 16 provinces of China from 2009 to 2023.Methods:The data of this study were collected from the ARI surveillance data from 16 provinces in China from 2009 to 2023, with a total of 28 278 ARI cases included in the study. The clinical specimens from ARI cases were screened for HRSV nucleic acid from 2009 to 2023, and differences in virus detection rates among cases of different age groups, regions, and months were analyzed.Results:A total of 28 278 ARI cases were enrolled from January 2009 to September 2023. The age of the cases ranged from<1 month to 112 years, and the age M ( Q1, Q3) was 3 years (1 year, 9 years). Among them, 3 062 cases were positive for HRSV nucleic acid, with a total detection rate of 10.83%. From 2009 to 2019, the detection rate of HRSV was 9.33%, and the virus was mainly prevalent in winter and spring. During the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the detection rate of HRSV fluctuated between 6.32% and 18.67%. There was no traditional winter epidemic peak of HRSV from the end of 2022 to the beginning of 2023, and an anti-seasonal epidemic of HRSV occurred from April to May 2023. About 87.95% (2 693/3 062) of positive cases were children under 5 years old, and the difference in the detection rate of HRSV among different age groups was statistically significant ( P<0.001), showing a decreasing trend of HRSV detection rate with the increase of age ( P<0.001). Among them, the HRSV detection rate (25.69%) was highest in children under 6 months. Compared with 2009-2019, the ranking of HRSV detection rates in different age groups changed from high to low between 2020 and 2023, with the age M (Q1, Q3) of HRSV positive cases increasing from 1 year (6 months, 3 years) to 2 years (11 months, 3 years). Conclusion:Through 15 years of continuous HRSV surveillance analysis, children under 5 years old, especially infants under 6 months old, are the main high-risk population for HRSV infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence and patterns of HRSV in China have changed.

Objective:To understand the epidemiology of rubella and the genetic characteristics of the virus circulating during the period 2021-2022, providing basic scientific data for rubella prevention and control in China.Methods:National rubella incidence data for the period 2021-2022 were obtained from the Infectious Disease Surveillance System module and the Surveillance Report Management module of the China′s Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Positive rubella virus(RuV)isolates were obtained from the National Measles/Rubella Laboratory Network. Two nucleotide (nt) fragments [F1-480 (8 633-9 112 nt) and F2-633 (8 945-9 577 nt)] located in the E1 gene were amplified and determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the target gene (E1-739) was obtained after collating and splicing. The sequences obtained in this study were used to construct a phylogenetic tree with the reported reference strains for genotype and lineage identification. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess their genetic relatedness of RuV strains prevalent in China during 2018-2020 from GenBank database.Results:In 2021-2022, the rubella incidence in China was 0.06/100, 000 (2021: 840 cases; 2022: 784 cases), with cases primarily concentrated in the western and southern provinces. Age distribution analysis showed that rubella cases in 2021-2022 was mainly in children under 5 years of age (2021: 34.17%, 287/840; 2022: 42.09%, 330/784), with the highest proportion in children aged 0-2 years. Further analysis of the immunization history of cases revealed that in the 8-23 months age group, a significant proportion of cases had received only one dose of rubella containing vaccine (RCV); cases in the 2-14 years age group were mainly among children who had received two or more doses of RCV; however, cases over 15 years of age were primarily found in individuals who had not received RCV or had unknown immunization history. National virological surveillance data showed that totally 22 RuV virus isolates were obtained, from 6 provinces in China during 2021-2022, which belonged to lineage 1E-L2 (11 strains) and 2B-L2c (11 strains). And these viruses displayed high genetic homology with RuV prevalent from 2018 to 2020.Conclusions:The incidence of rubella in China was maintained at a low level during 2021-2022, and the prevalent RuV strains were lineage 1E-L2 and 2B-L2c.

Objective:To investigate the genotype and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) among hospitalized cases with acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children in Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.Methods:From June 2019 to June 2023, throat swabs of ARI inpatients in Changchun Children′s Hospital were collected, and their epidemiological and clinical information were also collected. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was used to identify HMPV-positive cases, followed by the amplification of the G gene and genetic analysis in the HMPV-positive cases.Results:A total of 3 311 children hospitalized with ARI were included in this study. Their age ranged from 0 to 17 years old, and the M ( Q1, Q3) of age was 2 (1, 3) years. About 1 811 (54.70%) cases were males. A total of 167 HMPV-positive cases were detected with a positive rate of 5.04%, of which 92.81% (155/167) were children under 5 years old. The positive rate of HMPV in 2019 was 6.37% (30/471), which dropped to the lowest in 2020 (2.31%, 10/432). The HMPV-positive rate was then rebounded in 2021 (4.70%, 60/1 277) and 2022 (4.56%, 21/461), which increased to 6.87% (46/670) in 2023. The difference in HMPV-positive rate among each year was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The prevalence peak of HMPV varied in different years, showing either a unimodal or bimodal distribution in one year. A total of 79 HMPV G gene sequences were obtained, of which subtype A and subtype B accounted for 48.10% and 51.90%, respectively. All of the subtype A sequences were clarified as A2c duplicated variants, and subtype B was mainly B2 genotype. Besides, subtypes A and B were prevalent alone or co-circulated in different years, and there was a subtype replacement pattern in HMPV. Conclusion:The positive rate of HMPV in hospitalized ARI cases in children is significantly different from 2019 to 2023 in Changchun City. Notably, there are certain switch patterns of HMPV subtypes A and B in different years.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) among acute respiratory infection (ARI) cases in 16 provinces of China from 2009 to 2023.Methods:The data of this study were collected from the ARI surveillance data from 16 provinces in China from 2009 to 2023, with a total of 28 278 ARI cases included in the study. The clinical specimens from ARI cases were screened for HRSV nucleic acid from 2009 to 2023, and differences in virus detection rates among cases of different age groups, regions, and months were analyzed.Results:A total of 28 278 ARI cases were enrolled from January 2009 to September 2023. The age of the cases ranged from<1 month to 112 years, and the age M ( Q1, Q3) was 3 years (1 year, 9 years). Among them, 3 062 cases were positive for HRSV nucleic acid, with a total detection rate of 10.83%. From 2009 to 2019, the detection rate of HRSV was 9.33%, and the virus was mainly prevalent in winter and spring. During the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the detection rate of HRSV fluctuated between 6.32% and 18.67%. There was no traditional winter epidemic peak of HRSV from the end of 2022 to the beginning of 2023, and an anti-seasonal epidemic of HRSV occurred from April to May 2023. About 87.95% (2 693/3 062) of positive cases were children under 5 years old, and the difference in the detection rate of HRSV among different age groups was statistically significant ( P<0.001), showing a decreasing trend of HRSV detection rate with the increase of age ( P<0.001). Among them, the HRSV detection rate (25.69%) was highest in children under 6 months. Compared with 2009-2019, the ranking of HRSV detection rates in different age groups changed from high to low between 2020 and 2023, with the age M (Q1, Q3) of HRSV positive cases increasing from 1 year (6 months, 3 years) to 2 years (11 months, 3 years). Conclusion:Through 15 years of continuous HRSV surveillance analysis, children under 5 years old, especially infants under 6 months old, are the main high-risk population for HRSV infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence and patterns of HRSV in China have changed.