AIM:This study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which Astragaloside IV(AS)pre-vents and treats osteoporosis by regulating intestinal flora.METHODS:Thirty 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were selected for the study.Ten rats were randomly assigned to a sham group,while the remaining twenty underwent bilateral ovariectomy(OVX)to simulate osteoporosis.Following the modeling,the twenty OVX rats were randomly divid-ed into two groups:the OVX group and the AS treatment group,which received continuous gavage for 12 weeks.Bone mineral density(BMD)of the femur and lumbar vertebrae was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA).Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was employed to assess the microstructure of the femur and colonic mucosa,while immu-nohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1 chain(COL1A1)protein in the femur.Ad-ditionally,RT-qPCR was utilized to analyze the mRNA expression of bone formation-related indicators,including alkaline phosphatase(ALP),COL1A1,and Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2).Fresh fecal samples were collected from the rats for 16S rDNA sequencing to detect changes in intestinal microbiota composition.RESULTS:Compared to the sham group,OVX rats exhibited a significant increase in body weight and a marked decrease in femur and lumbar ver-tebrae bone density.HE staining revealed trabecular bone fractures with a disrupted reticular structure in the OVX group,along with the presence of numerous cavities and fat vacuoles in the bone marrow.The colonic mucosa showed signs of vil-lous shedding and mild crypt atrophy.Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated a substantial reduction in brown-yellow granules and COL1A1 expression in the OVX group.Conversely,in the AS group,there was a reduction in body weight and a significant increase in bone density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae.The trabecular architecture appeared more or-ganized,with less severe fractures compared to the OVX group.In the AS group,the number of cavities and fat vacuoles in the bone marrow was also reduced,and the colonic mucosa exhibited improved villous structure and less crypt atrophy.Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that AS treatment significantly enhanced COL1A1 expression.Furthermore,after AS intervention,the mRNA expression levels of ALP,COL1A1,and RUNX2 were notably increased.16S rDNA sequenc-ing revealed a significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,f_Pseudonocardiaceae,f_Marinifilace-ae,f_Oscillospiraceae,f_Ruminococcaceae,and f_Peptostreptococcaceae,while p_Euryarchaeota,Bacteroidetes,and f_Muribaculaceae showed significant reductions.Overall,OVX led to increased diversity in the species distribution of in-testinal microbiota,whereas AS treatment helped recalibrate the aforementioned phyla(families)and reduce diversity.CONCLUSION:Astragaloside IV can increase bone density in OVX rats,improve bone microstructure,promote bone formation,and prevent colonic mucosal damage by regulating the relative abundance of intestinal flora.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which Astragaloside IV(AS)pre-vents and treats osteoporosis by regulating intestinal flora.METHODS:Thirty 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were selected for the study.Ten rats were randomly assigned to a sham group,while the remaining twenty underwent bilateral ovariectomy(OVX)to simulate osteoporosis.Following the modeling,the twenty OVX rats were randomly divid-ed into two groups:the OVX group and the AS treatment group,which received continuous gavage for 12 weeks.Bone mineral density(BMD)of the femur and lumbar vertebrae was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA).Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was employed to assess the microstructure of the femur and colonic mucosa,while immu-nohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1 chain(COL1A1)protein in the femur.Ad-ditionally,RT-qPCR was utilized to analyze the mRNA expression of bone formation-related indicators,including alkaline phosphatase(ALP),COL1A1,and Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2).Fresh fecal samples were collected from the rats for 16S rDNA sequencing to detect changes in intestinal microbiota composition.RESULTS:Compared to the sham group,OVX rats exhibited a significant increase in body weight and a marked decrease in femur and lumbar ver-tebrae bone density.HE staining revealed trabecular bone fractures with a disrupted reticular structure in the OVX group,along with the presence of numerous cavities and fat vacuoles in the bone marrow.The colonic mucosa showed signs of vil-lous shedding and mild crypt atrophy.Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated a substantial reduction in brown-yellow granules and COL1A1 expression in the OVX group.Conversely,in the AS group,there was a reduction in body weight and a significant increase in bone density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae.The trabecular architecture appeared more or-ganized,with less severe fractures compared to the OVX group.In the AS group,the number of cavities and fat vacuoles in the bone marrow was also reduced,and the colonic mucosa exhibited improved villous structure and less crypt atrophy.Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that AS treatment significantly enhanced COL1A1 expression.Furthermore,after AS intervention,the mRNA expression levels of ALP,COL1A1,and RUNX2 were notably increased.16S rDNA sequenc-ing revealed a significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,f_Pseudonocardiaceae,f_Marinifilace-ae,f_Oscillospiraceae,f_Ruminococcaceae,and f_Peptostreptococcaceae,while p_Euryarchaeota,Bacteroidetes,and f_Muribaculaceae showed significant reductions.Overall,OVX led to increased diversity in the species distribution of in-testinal microbiota,whereas AS treatment helped recalibrate the aforementioned phyla(families)and reduce diversity.CONCLUSION:Astragaloside IV can increase bone density in OVX rats,improve bone microstructure,promote bone formation,and prevent colonic mucosal damage by regulating the relative abundance of intestinal flora.

Objective:To study the variational trend in disease characteristics of patients with hepatitis B-related primary liver cancer (HBV-HCC) in the past five years.Method:A single-center retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed to compare patients diagnosed with HBV-HCC from January 2012 to December 2016 (control group) and from January 2017 to December 2021 (observation group). The data of the study variables were extracted from the electronic medical record system of the hospital information system of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. The 1:2 propensity score matching was used to adjust potential confounding factors such as gender and age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study the factors affecting changes in disease characteristics of the HBV-HCC population in the observation group. GraphPad Prism 8.0 software was used to draw forest plots to intuitively display the effect size of the study variables in the logistic regression analysis.The t-test was used to compare normally distributed data between groups. The χ2 test was used for inter-group comparison. Results:A total of 1 717 eligible cases were collected, including 510 in the control group and 1 207 in the observation group. Compared with the control group, the number of newly diagnosed cases in the observation group increased by 2.36 times, and males were still the main onset population (83.3% vs. 82.7%). The median age of onset increased (51.9 vs. 53.5 years, P<0.001). 79.4% of HBV-HCC patients had not received antiviral therapy, and the proportion of HBeAg-negative patients increased (56.4%). The factors affecting HBV-HCC patients included family history of HBV ( OR=1.626, 95% CI: 1.181-2.238), family history of hepatocellular carcinoma ( OR=1.388, 95% CI: 1.013-1.901), hypoviremia ( OR=1.322, 95% CI: 1.046-1.671), abnormal alanine aminotransferase ( OR=1.545, 95% CI: 1.231-1.940), liver fibrosis ( OR=1.478, 95% CI: 1.153-1.894), liver cirrhosis ( OR=1.431, 95% CI: 1.128-1.815), and metabolic-related fatty liver disease ( OR=1.438, 95% CI: 1.116-1.815) after propensity score matching adjustment. The factors affecting HBeAg-positive patients were decreased ( OR=0.390, 95% CI: 0.389-0.617); however, the number of early HBV-HCC diagnoses was increased (12.7% vs. 19.3%, P=0.001). Conclusion:The characteristics of patient disease and occurrence of HBV-HCC are changing over the past five years. The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in middle- to older male patients with chronic hepatitis B is increasing with familial history of HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma, HBeAg negativity, hypoviremia, abnormal alanine aminotransferase, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and metabolic-related fatty liver disease.

Objective To investigate the effect of etimicin combined with thymopeptide α1 on intestinal flora,circulatory function and renal function in patients with sepsis.Methods A total of 80 patients with sepsis treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital from March 2021 to June 2022 were selected and divided into control group and study group according to treatment methods,with 40 cases in each group.The control group was treated with thymopeptide α1 on the basis of conventional treatment,and the study group was treated with etimicin on the basis of control group treatment,and both groups were treated for 2 weeks.The intestinal flora,circulatory function,renal function,mechanical ventilation duration,hospital stay,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)scores and clinical efficacy of two groups were compared.Results After treatment,Bifidobacterium,central venous pressure(CVP),mean arterial pressure(MAP)and urine volume of patients in both groups were significantly higher than before treatment,Enterobacter,Enterococcus,Staphylococcus,Bacterioid,Obligate anaerobe,Pseudomonas,heart rate,serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were significantly lower than before treatment(P<0.05).Bifidobacterium,CVP and MAP of study group were significantly higher than those of control group,and Enterobacter,Enterococcus,Staphylococcus,Bacterioid,Obligate anaerobe,Pseudomonas,heart rate,and scores of APACHE Ⅱ were significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.05).The mechanical ventilation time and hospital stay in study group were significantly shorter than those in control group(P<0.05).The total effective rate of study group was significantly higher than that of control group(χ2=6.275,P=0.012).Conclusion Etimicin combined with thymopeptide α1 in the treatment of sepsis can effectively regulate the intestinal flora and circulatory function of patients,and has little effect on renal function,which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective:To construct and validate a risk prediction model for major complications 30 days after surgery in the elderly patients with hip fracture.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 276 elderly patients with hip fracture who had been admitted to Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The Hospital Affiliated to Chengde Medical University from June 2019 to December 2021. There were 96 males and 180 females with an age of (74.5±9.3) years, and 139 femoral neck fractures and 137 intertrochanteric fractures. The outcome of this study was whether major complications occurred within 30 days after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the risk factors for major complications in the elderly patients with hip fracture within 30 days after surgery. The forward step-by-step method and likelihood ratio test were used to screen the best prediction model. A nomogram was constructed to display the model. The stability and effectiveness of the model were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, clinical decision curve and clinical impact curve analysis.Results:Logistic regression analysis showed that decreased preoperative hemoglobin ( P< 0.05), time from admission to surgery >72 hours ( OR=3.001, 95% CI: 1.564 to 5.758, P<0.001), control of nutritional status (CONUT) score >4 points ( OR=3.394, 95% CI: 1.724 to 6.680, P<0.001), and age-adjusted modified frailty index (aamFI) >2 points ( OR=2.875, 95% CI: 1.548 to 5.339, P= 0.001), increased operation time ( OR=1.016, 95% CI: 1.006 to 1.025, P=0.001), and surgical bleeding >60 mL ( OR=2.373, 95% CI: 1.016 to 5.540, P=0.046) were independent risk factors for major complications within 30 days after surgery in the elderly patients with hip fracture. The area under the ROC curve in the logistic risk prediction model was 0.846 (95% CI: 0.799 to 0.889), and the results of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed ( χ2=8.080, P=0.426). The clinical decision curve and clinical impact curve showed that the prediction model was accurate and effective. Conclusion:Based on the patients' preoperative hemoglobin, time from admission to surgery, control of nutritional status score, age-adjusted modified frailty index, operation time and surgical blood loss, this study has constructed successfully a risk prediction model for complications 30 days after surgery in the elderly patients with hip fracture which enables medical staff to predict the occurrence of major postoperative complications.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the effects of Osthole(OST)on inflammation and cartilage-de-grading proteases in an interleukin 1β(IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte inflammation model.METHODS:Prediction:we collected target genes for OST and those related to knee osteoarthritis(KOA)from four databases.After standardizing the target genes obtained from the UniProt database,two overlapping genes were identified using the Venny tool.Additional-ly,protein interaction relationships were obtained from the STRING database,and core target genes were screened and vi-sualized using Cytoscape software.Enrichment analysis for the overlapping genes was performed through Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways.Finally,the active drug components and target proteins were validated and visualized through computational analysis.Validation:primary rabbit chondrocytes were iso-lated and cultured in vitro.Cell morphology and toluidine blue staining were employed to confirm chondrocyte identity.An inflammatory injury model was induced using IL-1β.The cells were divided into control,model,low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose OST,and celecoxib groups.Chondrocyte viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method.Western blot and im-munofluorescence techniques were utilized to detect the proteins IL-1β,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),matrix me-talloproteinase 13(MMP-13),and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs(ADAMTS-4).Gene expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,and MMP-13 were measured via RT-qPCR.RESULTS:A total of 80 potential OST targets were identified for treating KOA,with 10 core target genes(CASP3,TNF,HIF1A,IL-1β,NFKB1,PARP1,NFE2L2,JAK2,MAPK1,and GSK3B)screened.GO and KEGG analyses further elucidated the molecular mechanisms of OST in KOA treatment,highlighting multiple biological processes and signaling pathways involved.Molecular docking simulations confirmed stable binding of OST to key targets TNF and IL-1β within the IL-17 signaling pathway.Chondro-cytes exhibited long spindle and pavement-like shapes.Based on the effects of varying OST concentrations on chondro-cytes,2.5,5,and 10 μmol/L OST were selected for pharmacodynamic testing.Compared to the model group,OST signif-icantly reduced inflammation in the chondrocyte inflammation model and inhibited the expression of cartilage matrix-de-grading enzymes,showing no statistically significant difference from the celecoxib group.CONCLUSION:OST promotes chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.It effectively inhibits inflammation in the IL-1β-induced chondrocyte model and mitigates chondrocyte injury.The underlying mechanism may involve the degradation of chondroproteoglycans and the protection of the extracellular matrix.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the effects of Osthole(OST)on inflammation and cartilage-de-grading proteases in an interleukin 1β(IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte inflammation model.METHODS:Prediction:we collected target genes for OST and those related to knee osteoarthritis(KOA)from four databases.After standardizing the target genes obtained from the UniProt database,two overlapping genes were identified using the Venny tool.Additional-ly,protein interaction relationships were obtained from the STRING database,and core target genes were screened and vi-sualized using Cytoscape software.Enrichment analysis for the overlapping genes was performed through Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways.Finally,the active drug components and target proteins were validated and visualized through computational analysis.Validation:primary rabbit chondrocytes were iso-lated and cultured in vitro.Cell morphology and toluidine blue staining were employed to confirm chondrocyte identity.An inflammatory injury model was induced using IL-1β.The cells were divided into control,model,low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose OST,and celecoxib groups.Chondrocyte viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method.Western blot and im-munofluorescence techniques were utilized to detect the proteins IL-1β,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),matrix me-talloproteinase 13(MMP-13),and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs(ADAMTS-4).Gene expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,and MMP-13 were measured via RT-qPCR.RESULTS:A total of 80 potential OST targets were identified for treating KOA,with 10 core target genes(CASP3,TNF,HIF1A,IL-1β,NFKB1,PARP1,NFE2L2,JAK2,MAPK1,and GSK3B)screened.GO and KEGG analyses further elucidated the molecular mechanisms of OST in KOA treatment,highlighting multiple biological processes and signaling pathways involved.Molecular docking simulations confirmed stable binding of OST to key targets TNF and IL-1β within the IL-17 signaling pathway.Chondro-cytes exhibited long spindle and pavement-like shapes.Based on the effects of varying OST concentrations on chondro-cytes,2.5,5,and 10 μmol/L OST were selected for pharmacodynamic testing.Compared to the model group,OST signif-icantly reduced inflammation in the chondrocyte inflammation model and inhibited the expression of cartilage matrix-de-grading enzymes,showing no statistically significant difference from the celecoxib group.CONCLUSION:OST promotes chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.It effectively inhibits inflammation in the IL-1β-induced chondrocyte model and mitigates chondrocyte injury.The underlying mechanism may involve the degradation of chondroproteoglycans and the protection of the extracellular matrix.

Objective:To analyze the correlation between indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG-R15) and modified Scheuer score in liver tissues of patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive/negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and further explore the indocyanine green clearance test (ICGCT) applied value in judging the progress of CHB-related liver disease.Methods:407 HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB inpatients with normal or slightly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [< 2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)] and modified Scheuer score were collected, and divided into mild liver disease group (M group, 131 cases, modified Scheuer score < G2S2) and progressive liver disease group (A group, 276 cases, modified Scheuer score≥G2 and / or S2). Furthermore, the groups were sub-divided into HBeAg (+) - M group, HBeAg (-) - M group, HBeAg (+) - A group and HBeAg (-) - A group. The correlation between ICG-R15 and modified Scheuer score was analyzed retrospectively. The data were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 software.Results:Basic clinical characteristics: Among the 407 CHB cases with normal or mildly elevated serum ALT, 171 were HBeAg(+) CHB and 236 were HBeAg(-) CHB. The baseline mean serum HBV DNA was higher in HBeAg(+) CHB patients [(6.06 ± 1.95) log10IU/ml] than HBeAg(-) CHB patients [(3.60±1.37)log10IU/ml ( P = 0.000)]. Included patients ICG-R15 detection characteristics: (1) The baseline mean value of ICG-R15 was not statistically significant between the two groups of HBeAg(+) CHB and HBeAg(-) CHB, and was basically within the normal range (< 10%); (2) Comparison of ICG-R15 baseline mean value among the subgroups showed that the patients in the HBeAg(+)-A group/HBeAg(-)-A group were higher than the HBeAg(+)-M group/HBeAg(-)-M group patients, and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.013/ P = 0.000). Included patients’ correlation analysis between ICG-R15 and modified Scheuer score: (1) ICG-R15 and modified Scheuer score had shown weak positive correlation with inflammatory activity grade (g) in HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB ( r = 0.237, P = 0.002); r = 0.244, P = 0.000); (2) There was a weak positive correlation between ICG-R15 and fibrosis stage (s) in HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB ( r = 0. 254, P = 0; r = 0.225, P = 0.001). Included patients ICG-R15 predictive value for the severity of liver histological progression: when the cut-off value of ICG-R15 was 5.1%, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from M group to A group was 0.601 ( P = 0.001) for predicting HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB patients. Conclusion:ICG-R15 is positively correlated with the modified Scheuer score of liver tissue in HBeAg (+)/HBeAg (-) CHB patients with normal or slightly elevated ALT. In addition, when the cut-off value of ICG-R15 was 10%, it could not accurately reflect the effective hepatocyte reserve function of HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB patients with normal or slightly elevated ALT. Importantly, when the cut-off value of ICG-R15 is 4.0% ~ 5.0%, it may have predictive value for liver disease progression to modified Scheuer score ≥ G2 and / or ≥S2 in HBeAg (+) / HBeAg (-) CHB patients with normal or slightly elevated ALT.

Objective: To explore the mediating, direct and indirect roles of self-efficacy, social support and medical coping modes with resilience in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods: Totally 384 inpatients and outpatients with chronic hepatitis B, without physical ailments or mental problems were selected.The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), general self-efficacy scale (GSES), medical coping modes questionnaire (MCMQ) and social support rating scale (SSRS) were adopted in this research.The relationship among all variables was explored by path analysis. Results: (1)The total scores of resilience, self-efficacy, social support, confrontation, avoidance and acceptance-resignation in chronic hepatitis B patients were (61.64±15.36), (25.40±5.70), (39.82±7.39), (19.02±3.72), (16.63±2.69) and (8.45±2.94), respectively.(2)Pearson analysis showed that the scores of self-efficacy, medical coping and social support were significantly correlated with resilience(r=-0.26-0.82, P<0.05). (3)Importantly, path analysis showed that self-efficacy(β=0.53), confrontation(β=0.10), avoidance(β=0.17) and acceptance-resignation(β=-0.13) had direct prediction effects on resilience.Additionally, self-efficacy was indirectly related to resilience(β=0.05), and social support also indirectly related to resilience through self-efficacy, confrontation and acceptance-resignation(β=0.18). Conclusion Self-efficacy, social support and medical coping are the important factors which play a direct or indirect role in resilience.

In order to solve the problems that the injury, hemorrhage, infection and edema of the brain tissue caused by brain electrodes implantation for aquatic animal robots, a light stimulation device and an optical control experiment method for carp robots are proposed in this paper. According to the shape of the carp skull, the device is a structure of Chinese character " cut by a printed circuit board which can provide three groups of A, B and C bridge platforms for the light stimulation source. The two ends of a bridge in every group are welded with a jumper board, and the light emitting diodes (LED) are inserted into the jumper boards as the light stimulation source, and all negative poles of the jumper boards are connected to the console by the wire. A LED light can be replaced by another LED light according to the need of the wavelength of the LED light, and various combinations of the light stimulation modes can be also selected. This device was mounted on the carp robot's head, the carp robot was placed in a water maze, and the optical control experiment method was observed to control the forward movement and steering movement of the carp robots ( = 10) under the dark light condition. The results showed that the success rates of the three groups of red light control experiments were 53%-87%, and the success rates of the three groups of blue light control experiments were 50%-80%. This study shows that the apparatus and the method are feasible.