Viral infectious diseases, characterized by their intricate nature and wide-ranging diversity, pose substantial challenges in the domain of data management. The vast volume of data generated by these diseases, spanning from the molecular mechanisms within cells to large-scale epidemiological patterns, has surpassed the capabilities of traditional analytical methods. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, there is an urgent necessity for the optimization of these analytical methods to more effectively handle and utilize the information. Despite the rapid accumulation of data associated with viral infections, the lack of a comprehensive framework for integrating, selecting, and analyzing these datasets has left numerous researchers uncertain about which data to select, how to access it, and how to utilize it most effectively in their research.This review endeavors to fill these gaps by exploring the multifaceted nature of viral infectious diseases and summarizing relevant data across multiple levels, from the molecular details of pathogens to broad epidemiological trends. The scope extends from the micro-scale to the macro-scale, encompassing pathogens, hosts, and vectors. In addition to data summarization, this review thoroughly investigates various dataset sources. It also traces the historical evolution of data collection in the field of viral infectious diseases, highlighting the progress achieved over time. Simultaneously, it evaluates the current limitations that impede data utilization.Furthermore, we propose strategies to surmount these challenges, focusing on the development and application of advanced computational techniques, AI-driven models, and enhanced data integration practices. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge, this review is designed to guide future research and contribute to more informed approaches in the surveillance, prevention, and control of viral infectious diseases, particularly within the context of the expanding big-data landscape.
Big Data ; Humans ; Virus Diseases/virology* ; Artificial Intelligence

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different fermentation methods and times on the fungal flora and chemical composition of Aurantii Fructus， in order to obtain the optimal fermentation conditions and flora structure， and to ensure the stability and controllability of the fermented varieties. MethodsScanning electron microscopy was used to observe and analyze the colony characteristics on the surface of Aurantii Fructus under different fermentation conditions. Internal transcribed spacer 2（ITS2） high-throughput sequencing， combined with fungal community diversity analysis and fungal community structure analysis， were used to obtain the fungal flora microbial categories of Aurantii Fructus under the conditions of traditional pressure-shelf fermentation and non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation for 7， 14， 21 d（numbered Y1-Y3 for the former， and numbered F1-F3 for the latter）， respectively. At the same time， the chemical components in the fermentation process were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）， combined with principal component analysis（PCA）， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） and compound retention time， parent ions， characteristic fragment ions and other information， the differential compounds between the different fermentation samples were screened and identified. ResultsThe analysis of fungal community diversity showed that the dominant flora did not change at different fermentation time points in the traditional pressure-shelf fermentation method， while in the non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation method， there was a significant difference with the fermentation process， and at the genus level， the dominant genus of samples Y1， Y2， Y3 and F2 was Aspergillus， while the dominant genera of samples F1 and F3 were both Rhizopus. This indicated that the microbial growth environment provided by the traditional fermentation method was more stable， and the microbial community structure was more stable， which was more conducive to the stable and controllable fermentation process and fermented products. A total of 155 compounds were identified by compositional analysis， including 70 flavonoids， 38 coumarins， 10 alkaloids， 34 organic acids and 3 other compounds. After fermentation， two new components of ribalinine and pranferin were produced. Different fermentation conditions also brought about differences in chemical composition， multivariate statistical analysis obtained 26 differential compounds under two different fermentation methods， mainly including flavonoids， organic acids and coumarins. Comprehensively， the microbial community structure of samples fermented by the traditional pressure-shelf method of Aurantii Fructus for 14 d was stable， the species richness was high and the overall content of differential compounds was high， which was the optimal processing condition. ConclusionCompared with non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation， the traditional method has obvious advantages in terms of the stability of the microbial community structure and the content of chemical compounds， and the optimal condition is 14 days of fermentation. This study is helpful to promote the quality stability and fermentation bioavailability of fermented products of Aurantii Fructus， as well as to provide an experimental basis for the further improvement of the quality control methods of this variety.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different fermentation methods and times on the fungal flora and chemical composition of Aurantii Fructus， in order to obtain the optimal fermentation conditions and flora structure， and to ensure the stability and controllability of the fermented varieties. MethodsScanning electron microscopy was used to observe and analyze the colony characteristics on the surface of Aurantii Fructus under different fermentation conditions. Internal transcribed spacer 2（ITS2） high-throughput sequencing， combined with fungal community diversity analysis and fungal community structure analysis， were used to obtain the fungal flora microbial categories of Aurantii Fructus under the conditions of traditional pressure-shelf fermentation and non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation for 7， 14， 21 d（numbered Y1-Y3 for the former， and numbered F1-F3 for the latter）， respectively. At the same time， the chemical components in the fermentation process were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）， combined with principal component analysis（PCA）， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） and compound retention time， parent ions， characteristic fragment ions and other information， the differential compounds between the different fermentation samples were screened and identified. ResultsThe analysis of fungal community diversity showed that the dominant flora did not change at different fermentation time points in the traditional pressure-shelf fermentation method， while in the non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation method， there was a significant difference with the fermentation process， and at the genus level， the dominant genus of samples Y1， Y2， Y3 and F2 was Aspergillus， while the dominant genera of samples F1 and F3 were both Rhizopus. This indicated that the microbial growth environment provided by the traditional fermentation method was more stable， and the microbial community structure was more stable， which was more conducive to the stable and controllable fermentation process and fermented products. A total of 155 compounds were identified by compositional analysis， including 70 flavonoids， 38 coumarins， 10 alkaloids， 34 organic acids and 3 other compounds. After fermentation， two new components of ribalinine and pranferin were produced. Different fermentation conditions also brought about differences in chemical composition， multivariate statistical analysis obtained 26 differential compounds under two different fermentation methods， mainly including flavonoids， organic acids and coumarins. Comprehensively， the microbial community structure of samples fermented by the traditional pressure-shelf method of Aurantii Fructus for 14 d was stable， the species richness was high and the overall content of differential compounds was high， which was the optimal processing condition. ConclusionCompared with non-pressure-shelf natural fermentation， the traditional method has obvious advantages in terms of the stability of the microbial community structure and the content of chemical compounds， and the optimal condition is 14 days of fermentation. This study is helpful to promote the quality stability and fermentation bioavailability of fermented products of Aurantii Fructus， as well as to provide an experimental basis for the further improvement of the quality control methods of this variety.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is common in Singapore, with moderate to severe OSA affecting around 30% of residents. These consensus statements aim to provide scientifically grounded recommendations for the management of OSA, standar-dise the management of OSA in Singapore and promote multidisciplinary collaboration. METHOD: An expert panel, which was convened in 2024, identified several areas of OSA management that require guidance. The expert panel reviewed the current literature and developed consensus statements, which were later independently voted on using a 3-point Likert scale (agree, neutral or disagree). Consensus (total ratings of agree and neutral) was set a priori at ≥80% agreement. Any statement not reaching consensus was excluded. RESULTS: The final consensus included 49 statements that provide guidance on the screening, diagnosis and management of adults with OSA. Additionally, 23 statements on the screening, diagnosis and management of paediatric OSA achieved consensus. These 72 consensus statements considered not only the latest clinical evidence but also the benefits and harms, resource implications, feasibility, acceptability and equity impact of the recommendations. CONCLUSION The statements presented in this paper aim to guide clinicians based on the most updated evidence and collective expert opinion from sleep specialists in Singapore. These recommendations should augment clinical judgement rather than replace it. Management decisions should be individualised, taking into account the patient's clinical characteristics, as well as patient and caregiver concerns and preferences.
Humans ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis* ; Singapore ; Consensus ; Adult

Objective:To analyze the genotypes distribution of common and rare thalassemia in people of reproductive age in Huadu district of Guangzhou,enhance the database of thalassemia.Methods:Peripheral blood samples were collected for genotype analysis in Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Huadu District from January 2016 to October 2022.Gap-PCR and Reverse dot blot hybridization were used to detect common thalassemia genotypes.DNA sequencing was performed in samples suspected of rare genotypes.Results:A total of 16 171 subjects were identified as thalassemia carriers,and the positive rate was 44.41％(16 171/36 412).The genotypes of 114 cases(0.31％)were rare.A total of 10 845 cases were identified as α-thalassemia carriers(29.78％),and--SEA/αα was the most common genotype in those people,followed by-α3.7/αα and-α4.2/αα.A total of 4 531 subjects were identified as common β-thalassemia carriers(12.44％).The most common β-thalassemia mutation in the population was β41-42/βN,followed by β654/βN and β-28/β N.A total of 681 subjects were identified as αβ thalassemia carriers(1.87％),among them--SEA/αα compounded withβ CD41-42/β N was the most common genotype.A total of 48 cases were identified as rare α-thalassemia carriers,14 types of mutations,in which Fusion gene/αα was the most common.A total of 52 cases were identified as rare β-thalassemia carriers,11 types of mutation,in which βSEA-HPFH/βN was the most common.Conclusion:The thalassemia genotypes in Huadu district are complex and diverse.We should attach great importance to the detection of rare thalassemia genotypes.

Norovirus is the global leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages.To inves-tigate the genetic diversity of GⅡ genogroup noroviruses linked to clustered infections in northeast Chongqing,we collected anal swabs or environmental smears from 11 norovirus outbreaks during 2021-2022.Norovirus RNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR),and partial viral RdRp/capsid genes were amplified by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR)and sequenced.Among samples from 11 outbreaks in 4 districts and counties,55 strains of GⅡ genogroup norovirus were detected.Six genotypes were identified with an online norovirus genotyping tool(http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/norovirus/typingtool).Genotype GⅡ.17[P17]was associated with four outbreaks;the co-circulating GⅡ.17[P17]and GⅡ.1[P16]caused another out-break;GⅡ.6[P7]and GⅡ.8[P8]respectively were linked to two outbreaks;and GⅡ.3[P12]and GⅡ.2[P16]respectively ac-counted for one outbreak.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that 55 GⅡ genogroup strains formed five clusters,with norovir-uses of identical genotypes from diverse events belonging to the same cluster,and that genetically distinct genotypes from di-verse events belonged to different clusters.Therefore,our results revealed that multiple genotypes associated with norovirus outbreaks were circulating in northeast Chongqing,and GⅡ.17[P17]was the predominant genotype linked to these out-breaks during 2021-2022.Most norovirus outbreak events were caused by single sources,and genetic relationships were demonstrated among noroviruses of identical genotypes from diverse events.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of Astragali Radix (AR) from the Shanxi Hengshan area and to reveal possible mechanisms by which it relieves fatigue. Efficacy differences between Guangling (GL) and Hunyuan (HY) AR preparations were compared and evaluated, and an ¹H NMR metabolomic technique combined with statistical methods was used to identify the metabolites in different groups of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The differential metabolites after AR treatments were identified according to VIP and P values and the upstream targets were predicted with the help of Metscape. Cytoscape software was utilized to construct a network map of AR potential anti-fatigue targets. Key differential metabolites were identified based on shared targets and entered into the Metaboanalyst website for pathway enrichment analysis, which led to the preliminary elucidation of the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that intervention with AR can significantly improve the swimming-to-exhaustion time, increase liver glycogen, and reduce urea-nitrogen levels in mice. The difference between GL and HY ARs was relatively small, indicating that the quality of AR produced in the Hengshan area is consistent and stable. The metabolic fingerprints of mouse gastrocnemius muscle tissue extracts were composed of 34 metabolites, and the statistical results showed that 19 differential metabolites were significantly reversed after the Hengshan AR intervention. We found that the anti-fatigue effects of AR in the Shanxi Hengshan area were mainly associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism through regulation of GAD1, based on network pharmacological analysis. In conclusion, ¹H NMR metabolomic techniques were combined with network pharmacology to compare and evaluate the quality of Hengshan ARs, and further associate the fatigue relieve with the regulation of taurine metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis for the resource utilization of Hengshan ARs and the development of anti-fatigue-related products. The animal experiments in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and passed the ethical review of animal experiments (Approval No. SXULL2021028).

The pathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome is complex and the pathological types are diverse, so the minor symptoms in its early phases are difficult to detect. Renal biopsy is the gold indicator for the diagnosis of renal pathology and progression, but poor patient compliance shows, and the optimal treatment time is often delayed. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease progression monitoring is of great clinical significance. In this study, doxorubicin-injured podocyte models were used to simulate human kidney disease at different stages of progression. LC-MS-based metabolomic technology combined with statistical methods was used to screen and identify the potential biomarkers associated with early injury or progression of podocytes. The results of cell viability, apoptosis tests and podocyte structural protein analysis showed that the model was successfully constructed, and the degree of podocyte injury was significantly different between the two modeling methods. According to VIP > 1 and P < 0.05 based on the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, nine differential metabolites reflecting early podocyte injury and twelve differential metabolites reflecting the injury progression were screened, respectively. ROC analysis was adopted to focus on the potential biomarkers that can reflecting the early podocyte injury including L-tryptophan, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 5′-thymidylic acid (dTMP) and thymidine, and the biomarkers reflecting the injury progression of podocytes composed of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine acid, uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) and guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) AUC > 0.85. It indicated that these eight metabolites may have high sensitivity and diagnostic ability. This study provides a reference for the research on biomarkers of progressive diseases.

The present study was aimed to investigate whether Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and to explore the role of caspase-1 and caspase-11 pyroptosis pathways in this process. The mice were divided into four groups: wild type (WT), WT-LPS, GSDMD knockout (KO) and KO-LPS. The sepsis-associated AKI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (40 mg/kg). Blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of creatinine and urea nitrogen. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed via HE staining. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of pyroptosis-associated proteins. The results showed that the concentrations of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen in the WT-LPS group were significantly increased, compared with those in the WT group (P < 0.01); whereas serum creatinine and urea nitrogen in the KO-LPS group were significantly decreased, compared with those in the WT-LPS group (P < 0.01). HE staining results showed that LPS-induced renal tubular dilatation was mitigated in GSDMD KO mice. Western blot results showed that LPS up-regulated the protein expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), GSDMD and GSDMD-N in WT mice. GSDMD KO significantly down-regulated the protein levels of IL-1β, caspase-11, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1(p22) induced by LPS. These results suggest that GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis is involved in LPS-induced sepsis-associated AKI. Caspase-1 and caspase-11 may be involved in GSDMD cleavage.
Animals ; Mice ; Acute Kidney Injury ; Caspase 1 ; Caspases/metabolism* ; Creatinine ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Mice, Knockout ; Nitrogen ; Sepsis ; Urea ; Gasdermins/metabolism*

To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in China. A small sample self-controlled study before and after treatment was conducted to retrospective analysis patients with moderate to severe AD treated with dupilumab in the department of dermatology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from July 2020 to March 2022. Dupilumab 600 mg was injected subcutaneously at week 0, and then 300 mg was injected subcutaneously every 2 weeks. The condition was evaluated by SCORAD(severity scoring of atopic dermatitis), NRS(numerical rating scale), DLQI(dermatology life quality index) and POEM(patient-oriented eczema measure). The improvement of SCORAD, NRS, DLQI and POEM was analyzed by paired t test and non-parametric paired Wilcoxon. The results showed that a total of 67 patients with moderate to severe AD received dupilumab treatment, of which 41 patients (the course of treatment was more than 6 weeks) had reduced the severity of skin lesions, improved quality of life and reduced pruritus. A total of 23 patients completed 16 weeks of treatment. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, SCORAD, NRS, DLQI and POEM decreased compared with the baseline, and the differences were statistically significant. SCORAD (50.13±15.19) at baseline, SCORAD (36.08±11.96)(t=6.049,P<0.001) at week 4,SCORAD (28.04±11.10)(t=10.471,P<0.001) at week 8, SCORAD (22.93±9.72)(t=12.428,P<0.001) at week 12, SCORAD (16.84±7.82)(t=14.609,P<0.001) at week 16, NRS 7(6,8) at baseline, NRS 4(3,5)(Z=-3.861,P<0.001) at week 4, NRS 2(1,4)(Z=-4.088,P<0.001) at week 8, NRS 1(0,2)(Z=-4.206,P<0.001) at week 12, NRS 2(0,2)(Z=-4.222,P<0.001) at week 16, DLQI (13.83±5.71) at baseline, DLQI (8.00±4.02)(t=6.325,P<0.001) at week 4, DLQI (5.61±3.50)(t=8.060,P<0.001) at week 8, DLQI (3.96±1.99)(t=8.717,P<0.001) at week 12, DLQI (2.70±1.89)(t=10.355,P<0.001) at week 16, POEM (18.04±6.41) at baseline, POEM (9.70±4.70)(t=7.031,P<0.001) at week 4, POEM (7.74±3.48)(t=8.806,P<0.001) at week 8, POEM (6.35±3.33)(t=10.474,P<0.001) at week 12, POEM (4.26±2.51)(t=11.996,P<0.001) at week 16. In the 16th week, 100%(23 patients), 91.3%(21 patients), 34.8%(8 patients) and 8.7%(2 patients) of 23 patients reached SCORAD30, SCORAD50, SCORAD70, and SCORAD90 statuses, respectively. There were 82.6%(19 patients), 95.7%(22 patients) and 95.7%(22 patients) of 23 patients with NRS, DLQI and POEM improved by≥4 points compared with baseline. Twelve patients with AD who continued to receive dupilumab after 16 weeks showed further improvement in skin lesions. The adverse events were conjunctivitis and injection site reaction. In conclusion, dupilumab is an effective and safe treatment for moderate and severe AD. However, the longer-term efficacy and safety require further studies involving larger sample sizes and a longer follow-up time.
Humans ; Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy* ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome